Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Elsheikha, Hany M.; Marra, Christina M.; Zhu, Xing‐Quan

doi:10.1128/cmr.00115-19

Cited by 129 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 231 publications

(261 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, IgM antibodies remain detectable for over a year. Therefore, even the presence of IgM antibodies does not necessarily indicate an acute infection ( Elsheikha et al, 2020 ; Mcleod et al, 2020 ). ESA are the majority of the CAgs in sera from hosts with acute toxoplasmosis and they were proven to be a serologic marker for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis and the infection route not affecting the detection of CAgs ( Hafid et al, 1995 ; Abdollahi et al, 2009 ; Darcy et al, 2010 ; Xue et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Convenient serological tests have been widely applied to diagnose toxoplasmosis, which are mainly based on the detection of specific antibodies (IgM and IgG; Robert-Gangneux and Dardé, 2012 ). IgG can only be detected 13 days after infection, whereas IgM can persist in some patients with toxoplasmosis for over a year ( Elsheikha et al, 2020 ). Thus, the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies does not necessarily indicate an acute infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on Circulating Antigens in Serum of Mice With Experimental Acute Toxoplasmosis

et al. 2021

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Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan protozoan parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals, causing toxoplasmosis. Thus, efficient diagnosis methods for acute T. gondii infection are essential for its management. Circulating antigens (CAgs) are reliable diagnostic indicators of acute infection. In this study, we established a mouse model of acute T. gondii infection and explored new potential diagnostic factors. CAgs levels peaked 60 h after T. gondii inoculation and 31 CAgs were identified by immunoprecipitation-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, among which RuvB-like helicase (TgRuvBL1), ribonuclease (TgRNaseH1), and ribosomal protein RPS2 (TgRPS2) were selected for prokaryotic expression. Polyclonal antibodies against these three proteins were prepared. Results from indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that anti-rTgRuvBL1, anti-rTgRNase H1, and anti-rTgRPS2 mouse sera were recognized by natural excretory-secretory antigens from T. gondii tachyzoites. Moreover, immunofluorescence assays revealed that TgRuvBL1 was localized in the nucleus, while TgRNase H1 and TgRPS2 were in the apical end. Western blotting data confirmed the presence of the three proteins in the sera of the infected mice. Moreover, mice immunized with rTgRuvBL1 (10.0 ± 0.30 days), TgRNaseH1 (9.67 ± 0.14 days), or rTgRPS2 (11.5 ± 0.34 days) had slightly longer lifespan when challenged with a virulent T. gondii RH strain. Altogether, these findings indicate that these three proteins can potentially be diagnostic candidates for acute toxoplasmosis. However, they hold poor protective potential against highly virulent T. gondii infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Circulating Antigens in Serum of Mice With Experimental Acute Toxoplasmosis

et al. 2021

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“…After merulation, schizonts release merozoites. Only in cats can the parasite form gametocytes, which further develop into gametes [ 13 ]. After fertilization, they form oocysts, which are shed in feces.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress as a Possible Target in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Perspectives and Ambiguities

Szewczyk-Golec¹,

Pawłowska²,

Wesołowski³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite causing toxoplasmosis, a common disease, which is most typically asymptomatic. However, toxoplasmosis can be severe and even fatal in immunocompromised patients and fetuses. Available treatment options are limited, so there is a strong impetus to develop novel therapeutics. This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology and treatment of T. gondii infection. Chemical compounds that modify redox status can reduce the parasite viability and thus be potential anti-Toxoplasma drugs. On the other hand, oxidative stress caused by the activation of the inflammatory response may have some deleterious consequences in host cells. In this respect, the potential use of natural antioxidants is worth considering, including melatonin and some vitamins, as possible novel anti-Toxoplasma therapeutics. Results of in vitro and animal studies are promising. However, supplementation with some antioxidants was found to promote the increase in parasitemia, and the disease was then characterized by a milder course. Undoubtedly, research in this area may have a significant impact on the future prospects of toxoplasmosis therapy.

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“…However, in immunocompromised individuals, especially in patients with AIDS and organ transplants, the symptoms that toxoplasmosis causes are severe, or even life-threatening ( 4 ). Toxoplasmic encephalitis is the primary manifestation in these patients, accompanied by headache, ataxia, loss of memory, fever, and other symptoms ( 1 , 5 ). In addition, T. gondii can be transmitted via vertical transmission ( 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of Two Thioredoxin Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Toxoplasmosis caused by infection with Toxoplasma gondii is an important parasitic zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. In this study, we examined the functions of two thioredoxins (namely CTrp26 and CTrx1) of T. gondii tachyzoites by generation of HA tag strains or gene deficient parasites in Type I RH strain (ToxoDB#10). Immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) was used to investigate the subcellular localization of the thioredoxins (Trxs). Results of IFA showed that both CTrp26 and CTrx1 were located in the cytoplasm of T. gondii. Functional characterizations of CTrp26 and CTrx1-deficient parasites were performed by plaque assay, intracellular replication, egress, H2O2 resistance, detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) assays in vitro, as well as mouse infection in vivo. Our results showed that deletion of CTrp26 or CTrx1 did not influence the ability of T. gondii RH strain to replicate, egress, form plaque, resist H2O2 exposure, maintain the ROS level, and T-AOC, and also did not serve as virulence factors in Kunming mice. Taken together, these results provide new properties of the two Trxs. Although they are not essential for RH strain, they may have roles in other strains of this parasite due to their different expression patterns, which warrants future research.

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Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Cited by 129 publications

References 231 publications

Study on Circulating Antigens in Serum of Mice With Experimental Acute Toxoplasmosis

Study on Circulating Antigens in Serum of Mice With Experimental Acute Toxoplasmosis

Oxidative Stress as a Possible Target in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Perspectives and Ambiguities

Functional Characterization of Two Thioredoxin Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

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