A review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Dobó, Zsolt; Dinh, Truong; Kulcsár, Tibor

doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.264

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…These include higher cell voltage, increased energy density, extended lifespan, minimal memory effect, simplicity to charge and maintain, low self-discharge, potential for miniaturization, and different packaging shapes. Thus, the LIBs set a turning point in the field of power sources, where they are utilized in a variety of applications encompassing small consumer electronic systems, including watches, smartphones, or laptops; portable power tools, such as drills or saws; home or industrial systems for energy storage (BESS); and light or heavy means of transport, including electric bikes, scooters, and electric vehicles (EVs) [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a medium, the electrolyte facilitates the transport of ions between battery electrodes. A separator, crafted from polymeric materials such as polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), acts as a non-conductor or barrier; thus, it is inserted between the anode and cathode to eliminate the risk of short-circuiting caused by direct contact between the electrodes [1,6,7]. The composition of LIBs slightly differs between manufacturers and commonly consists of 5-20% Co, 5-20% Mn, 5-30% Ni, 5-10% Li, 5-40% of other metals, 10-15% organic chemicals, and 3-10% plastics [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of LIBs slightly differs between manufacturers and commonly consists of 5-20% Co, 5-20% Mn, 5-30% Ni, 5-10% Li, 5-40% of other metals, 10-15% organic chemicals, and 3-10% plastics [8][9][10]. The lifespan of LIBs varies according to their application field; in a small electronic device, it can last between 2 and 5 years, whereas in EVs or BESSs, it may range from 8 to 15 years [1,11]. Considering the significant difference between the utilization of LIB within small portable electronic devices and longer-life applications, currently standing at an 80:20 ratio, the annual increase in end-of-life (EOL) batteries is evident [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to the challenges of the battery raw material supply chain and environmental footprint reduction, a series of global or European initiatives have been implemented. The simplified hierarchy for EOL battery management is outlined as follows [1,14]:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

Pražanová,

Plachý,

Kočí

et al. 2024

Batteries

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The significant deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) within a wide application field covering small consumer electronics, light and heavy means of transport, such as e-bikes, e-scooters, and electric vehicles (EVs), or energy storage stationary systems will inevitably lead to generating notable amounts of spent batteries in the coming years. Considering the environmental perspective, material resource sustainability, and terms of the circular economy, recycling represents a highly prospective strategy for LIB end-of-life (EOL) management. In contrast with traditional, large-scale, implemented recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy, direct recycling technology constitutes a promising solution for LIB EOL treatment with outstanding environmental benefits, including reduction of energy consumption and emission footprint, and weighty economic viability. This work comprehensively assesses the limitations and challenges of state-of-the-art, implemented direct recycling methods for spent LIB cathode and anode material treatment. The introduced approaches include solid-state sintering, electrochemical relithiation in organic and aqueous electrolytes, and ionothermal, solution, and eutectic relithiation methods. Since most direct recycling techniques are still being developed and implemented primarily on a laboratory scale, this review identifies and discusses potential areas for optimization to facilitate forthcoming large-scale industrial implementation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

Pražanová,

Plachý,

Kočí

et al. 2024

Batteries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recently, some researchers reviewed the state-of-the-art direct recycling technologies of spent LIBs, placing significant emphasis on the various relithiation routes and the importance of sustainable recycling in comparison to conventional metallurgical methods. 6 , 17 , 18 However, the critical obstacles that hinder the practical implementation of direct recycling have been overlooked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct recycling of spent Li-ion batteries: Challenges and opportunities toward practical applications

Wei,

Liu,

Jiao

et al. 2023

iScience

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Link between sustainable circular supply chain and Internet of Things technology in electric vehicle battery manufacturing industry: A business strategy optimization for pickup and delivery

Sorooshian,

Khiavi,

Karimi

et al. 2024

Bus Strat Env

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Modern industries use advanced technological solutions to efficiently manage waste and increase the sustainability of supply chain (SC) networks. Technologies in SC networks can achieve this by establishing a link between circular economy principles and Industry 4.0. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, a novel bi‐objective mixed‐integer linear programming model is developed to design a sustainable SC network by considering circular economy practices, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and the location‐routing problem with a simultaneous pickup‐and‐delivery (P&D) strategy in the electric vehicle (EV) battery industry. The proposed model locates distribution and recycling centers and considers the routing problem with the P&D strategy between the distribution centers and service providers. By applying the augmented epsilon‐constraint method, a balance is established between minimizing total costs and carbon emissions, and a set of Pareto‐optimal solutions is provided. It should be noted that the P&D strategy reduces the total costs and carbon emissions, and the IoT technology provides conditions for designing a secure and traceable network. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated using data from an EV battery module manufacturing company in the Far East. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters related to operational costs, carbon emissions, and demand demonstrated the accuracy of the performance of the proposed model.

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A review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 46 publications

References 213 publications

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

Direct recycling of spent Li-ion batteries: Challenges and opportunities toward practical applications

Link between sustainable circular supply chain and Internet of Things technology in electric vehicle battery manufacturing industry: A business strategy optimization for pickup and delivery

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