A Review on Promising Membrane Technology Approaches for Heavy Metal Removal from Water and Wastewater to Solve Water Crisis

Abstract

Due to the impacts of water scarcity, the world is looking at all possible solutions for decreasing the over-exploitation of finite freshwater resources. Wastewater is one of the most reliable and accessible water supplies. As the population expands, so do industrial, agricultural, and household operations in order to meet man’s enormous demands. These operations generate huge amounts of wastewater, which may be recovered and used for a variety of reasons. Conventional wastewater treatment techniques have had some success in treating effluents for discharge throughout the years. However, advances in wastewater treatment techniques are required to make treated wastewater suitable for industrial, agricultural, and household use. Diverse techniques for removing heavy metal ions from various water and wastewater sources have been described. These treatments can be categorized as adsorption, membrane, chemical, or electric. Membrane technology has been developed as a popular alternative for recovering and reusing water from various water and wastewater sources. This study integrates useful membrane technology techniques for water and wastewater treatment containing heavy metals, with the objective of establishing a low-cost, high-efficiency method as well as ideal production conditions: low-cost, high-efficiency selective membranes, and maximum flexibility and selectivity. Future studies should concentrate on eco-friendly, cost-effective, and long-term materials and procedures.

Review of New Approaches for Fouling Mitigation in Membrane Separation Processes in Water Treatment Applications

“…Environmentally friendly processes are increasingly used in modern industry for demineralization, concentration, product modification, and energy conversion and storage [5,141]. Scale formation due to concentration polarization is a significant impediment in the ED process, particularly on the concentrate side of IEMs [142,143].…”

“…After attaching to the surface of the me the bacteria begin to produce and excrete extracellular polymers (2), allowing the adhere to the surface. Continuous growth leads to the development of a microco As the size of the microcolonies continues to increase (4), the cells in the micro will experience crowding, reduced nutrient availability, increased excretion o products, increased concentrations of toxins and metabolites (including intercell naling molecules), and changes in their physical and chemical properties envir Finally, the matrix is digested in the microcolonies, and the cells move freely thro tive movement or through browning movement (5). Eventually, a crack forms in trix at the edge of the microcolony, through which bacteria can escape into t amount of surrounding fluid [149].…”

“…A membrane is an imperfect barrier that allows some substances to pass through while blocking others. Water treatment facilities clean surface water, groundwater, and wastewater using various membranes and processes to produce clean water for industry and drinking [5]. The pressure gradient, chemical potential, temperature, or current flux used to pass liquids, gases, particulates, molecules, and ions is the driving force behind membrane technologies.…”

Databionic Swarm Intelligence to Screen Wastewater Recycling Quality with Factorial and Hyper-Parameter Non-Linear Orthogonal Mini-Datasets

“…A delicate balance is sought, such that irrigation water does not perturb the groundwater quality status [10][11][12]. To solve the water crisis, numerous promising membrane technologies have been developed [13]. Specifically, electrodialysis (ED) techniques have become indispensable in industrial-level wastewater treatment projects around the world [14,15].…”

Application of Poly(Ethyl Eugenyl Oxyacetate) Compounds as the Ions Carrier for Heavy Metals Separation and Separation of Fe and Ni in Ferronickel Using Liquid Membrane Transport Method

“…Several studies in respect of metal ion separation using polymers as ion carriers in liquid membrane transport have been conducted by solvent extraction [2][3]. Chemical reactions among tested metal (solute) in the solvents extraction and liquid membrane transport are similar.…”