A Review on Photovoltaic Systems: Mechanisms and Methods for Irradiation Tracking and Prediction

Abstract

Solar energy is the raw material and main source for several applications of renewable energy systems; thus, knowledge about the intensity of solar irradiation is essential for efficiency of these systems. Electric energy sources capable of meeting the growing demands of society with minimal impacts to the environment and high efficiency have been object of research in the last decade. In this context, the conversion of sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells has become one of the most encouraged and used resources in the world. However, the most unpredictable factor, which hampers capturing solar irradiation, preventing a proper conversion of sunlight into electricity, is the presence of clouds in the sky. Many methods of tracking and prediction of irradiation were proposed to increase efficiency in the production of energy by photovoltaic cells. This article presents an updated review on the mechanisms used for tracking and irradiation prediction, and their respective methods. It begins with a brief review on photovoltaic systems and classification of its mechanisms. Then, it presents a detailed overview on the evolution of mechanisms and their corresponding methods for tracking and irradiation prediction. Finally, the authors conclude with an analysis of performance efficiency of the mechanisms and their corresponding methods presented, describing the pros and cons of the most significant proposals for tracking and irradiation prediction.

Pemanfaatan Motor Listrik Bertenaga Energi Matahari Sebagai Penarik Jaring Pada Kapal Nelayan

“…Indonesia berada di daerah tropis mempunyai potensi energi surya sangat besar sekitar rata-rata 4,8 kWh/m2/hari atau setara dengan 112.000 GWp, namun yang sudah dimanfaatkan baru sekitar 71,02 MWp baik yang terintrkoneksi dan off-grid [4]. Selain itu, pada daerah tropis variasi sudut azimuth sinar matahari kecil [5], sehingga khusus pemasangan di atas atap kapal nelayan tidak dibutuhkan solar tracking.…”

Correlation analysis and MLP / CMLP for optimum variables to predict orientation and tilt angles in intelligent solar tracking systems

“…Solar tracker is the system that used to track the position of the sun across the sky and keep the solar photovoltaics in the best position that can maximize the collected energy from the sun. 3,4 Solar tracking systems are used to increase exposure to sunlight, thereby increasing solar collectivity compared with fixed photovoltaics. 5,6 The increase can be as much as 10% to 30% depending on the geographical location and the used type of solar trackers.…”

“…Solar cells and photovoltaics widely used to convert solar energy into electricity. Solar tracker is the system that used to track the position of the sun across the sky and keep the solar photovoltaics in the best position that can maximize the collected energy from the sun 3,4 . Solar tracking systems are used to increase exposure to sunlight, thereby increasing solar collectivity compared with fixed photovoltaics 5,6 .…”

PV Characterization System Outdoors—Case Study in Brazil

“…Some methods of energy estimation have been used to forecast the generated energy in specific conditions, de Azevedo Dias et al [2]. Loschi et al (2015) [3] presents a solar tracker method review as well as the energy estimation method review. Lacchini et al (2017) [4] To obtain the characteristics of a PV module it is necessary to obtain its IV curve.…”