A review on out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya

Mukherjee, Soumyajit

doi:10.1144/sp412.13

Cited by 84 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 250 publications

(326 reference statements)

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“…1b), listed from south to north in order of increasing age of thrust initiation. The three thrusts divide this region into four tectonic zones: the autochthonous Indian Plate, the Sub-Himalayan zone (SHZ), the Lesser Himalayan sequence (LHS), and the Greater Himalayan sequence (GHS) (Mukherjee, 2015;Bhakuni et al, 2013;Searle et al, 2008;Upreti, 1999;Wesnousky et al, 1999;Le Fort, 1975). All the thrusts are believed to converge at depth into the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT).…”

Section: Geologic Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides: The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan, China events

Tian

et al. 2016

J. Earth Sci.

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The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal and the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China occurred at the south and southeast margins of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively. Both earthquakes had similar magnitudes of Mw 7.8 and 7.9, caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to property, and generated tens of thousands of landslides. Comparisons of pre-and post-quake satellite images supported by field investigations show that the Gorkha Earthquake triggered at least 2 064 large landslides (defined as covering an area ≥10 000 m 2 ) over a ~35 600 km 2 region with a volume of (444-584)×10 6 (average 509×10 6 ) m 3 and total area of 44.78×10 6 m 2 . In contrast, the Wenchuan Earthquake triggered 25 580 large landslides over a region of ~44 000 km 2 with a volume of (7 128-9 479)×10 6 (average 8 219×10 6 ) m 3 and a total area of about 670.65×10 6 m 2 . Several controlling factors including topographic relief, slope steepness, and regional peak ground acceleration (PGA) were investigated to try to explain the great differences between the number, volume and area of the coseismic landslides associated with the two similar earthquakes. We found that the differences primarily arose from an unexpected factor, the dip angle of the seismogenic fault. This discovery should aid understanding the failure mechanisms of quake-triggered landslides, and suggests that more factors should be taken into consideration in estimating coseismic landslide volumes from earthquake magnitudes.

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Section: Geologic Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides: The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan, China events

Tian

et al. 2016

J. Earth Sci.

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“…More recent studies bring out the existence of an active structure in the frontal region of the MCT in the Nepal Himalaya and the Uttarakhand Himalaya (Wobus et al, 2003;Morell et al, 2015;Mukherjee, 2015). In the Nepal region, the MCT is reported to be associated with a physiographic transition, an out-ofsequence thrusting, named as PT2, mapped about 20-30 km to its south (Wobus et al, 2003(Wobus et al, , 2005.…”

Section: Seismotectonic Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismotectonics of the April–May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: An assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics

Parameswaran

Natarajan

Rajendran

et al. 2015

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

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“…The Gorkha earthquake affected area can be divided into a series of east-west trending major tectonic regions by three major active fault zones, including MFT, MBT, and MCT (Le Fort 1975;Nakata 1989;Upreti 1999;Wesnousky et al 1999;Mukherjee 2015). Based on the geologic map of South Asia, the study area has five classes of lithology (rock types) generally from north to south, i.e.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Landslides Along the Araniko Highwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide damage along Araniko highway and Pasang Lhamu highway and regional assessment of landslide hazard related to the Gorkha, Nepal earthquake of 25 April 2015

Tian

Zhou

et al. 2017

Geoenviron Disasters

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Background: The Gorkha, Nepal Mw 7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 triggered a large number of coseismic landslides in a broad area. Two highways, Araniko Highway and Pasang Lhamu Highway, that connect Tibet of China and Nepal, were affected seriously by these landslides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the landslide damage along the two highways, construct a detailed and complete inventory of coseismic landslides in the 5-km buffer area of the Araniko Highway, and perform a regional assessment of landslide hazard in the affected area. Findings: Based on visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, field investigations, and GIS technology, we investigated the coseismic landslides along the Araniko Highway and Pasang Lhamu Highway. A detailed pointbased inventory of coseismic landslides was constructed and spatial distributions of the landslides were analyzed. Correlations between the landslides and five controlling factors, i.e. elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, lithology, and seismic intensity, were illustrated statistically which permitted to assess landslides hazard in a larger rectangle area.

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A review on out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya

Abstract: Out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya has been caused mainly by thrusting.

Cited by 84 publications

References 250 publications

Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides: The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan, China events

Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides: The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan, China events

Seismotectonics of the April–May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: An assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics

Landslide damage along Araniko highway and Pasang Lhamu highway and regional assessment of landslide hazard related to the Gorkha, Nepal earthquake of 25 April 2015

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