Seismotectonics of the April–May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: An assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics

Parameswaran, Revathy M.; Natarajan, Thulasiraman; Rajendran, Kusala; Rajendran, C. P.; Mallick, Rishav; Wood, Matthew; Lekhak, Harish C.

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.07.030

Cited by 44 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In addition, surface deformations terminate to the north of Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) fault, suggesting that the earthquake may not rupture the MFT. This is in accordance with field investigation as well as geodetic and seismic studies [1,9,30,31].…”

Section: Robust Estimate In Regions Significantly Deformedsupporting

confidence: 92%

Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement Field Associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: Solution from Integrated InSAR and GPS Measurements with an Extended SISTEM Approach

Luo

Chen

2016

Remote Sensing

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Three-dimensional surface displacement field associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake is derived from an integration of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, with an extended SISTEM (Simultaneous and Integrated Strain Tensor Estimation From Geodetic and Satellite Deformation Measurements) approach (ESISTEM) proposed in this study. In ESISTEM approach, both surrounding InSAR and GPS measurements can be used as constraints in deriving surface displacements; while only surrounding GPS measurements are used in SISTEM approach. Besides the constraints from surrounding GPS measurements, the ESISTEM approach makes surrounding InSAR measurements available for constraining the derived deformations based on surface elastic theory for the first time. From the north to the south, derived surface displacement field shows prevailing southward horizontal deformations, and gradually varied vertical deformations ranging from´0.95 to 1.40 m within 120 km to the north of Kathmandu. This reveals that ruptures of Main Himalayan thrust (MHT) system were confined in subsurface and did not propagate to the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) fault, in accordance with field investigation as well as geodetic and seismic studies. Relation between vertical deformations and earthquake-induced landslides is briefly discussed.

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Section: Robust Estimate In Regions Significantly Deformedsupporting

confidence: 92%

Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement Field Associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: Solution from Integrated InSAR and GPS Measurements with an Extended SISTEM Approach

Luo

Chen

2016

Remote Sensing

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“…All the thrusts are believed to converge at depth into the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT). Results from various methods including field reconnaissance along the main faults and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) imaging of the earthquake-affected area, confirm that the Gorkha Earthquake (28.23°N, 84.731°E) did not produce surface ruptures along faults (Angster et al, 2015;Galetzka et al, 2015;Kobayashi et al, 2015;Lindsey et al, 2015;Parameswaran et al, 2015). The Wenchuan Earthquake occurred in the Longmenshan belt that has resulted from extrusion of crustal material from the high Tibetan Plateau in the west against strong crustal material of the Sichuan Basin in the east.…”

Section: Geologic Settingsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides: The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan, China events

Tian

et al. 2016

J. Earth Sci.

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The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal and the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China occurred at the south and southeast margins of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively. Both earthquakes had similar magnitudes of Mw 7.8 and 7.9, caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to property, and generated tens of thousands of landslides. Comparisons of pre-and post-quake satellite images supported by field investigations show that the Gorkha Earthquake triggered at least 2 064 large landslides (defined as covering an area ≥10 000 m 2 ) over a ~35 600 km 2 region with a volume of (444-584)×10 6 (average 509×10 6 ) m 3 and total area of 44.78×10 6 m 2 . In contrast, the Wenchuan Earthquake triggered 25 580 large landslides over a region of ~44 000 km 2 with a volume of (7 128-9 479)×10 6 (average 8 219×10 6 ) m 3 and a total area of about 670.65×10 6 m 2 . Several controlling factors including topographic relief, slope steepness, and regional peak ground acceleration (PGA) were investigated to try to explain the great differences between the number, volume and area of the coseismic landslides associated with the two similar earthquakes. We found that the differences primarily arose from an unexpected factor, the dip angle of the seismogenic fault. This discovery should aid understanding the failure mechanisms of quake-triggered landslides, and suggests that more factors should be taken into consideration in estimating coseismic landslide volumes from earthquake magnitudes.

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“…Despite its large magnitude, the Gorkha earthquake did not produce visible ruptures on the surface, which was confined to the subsurface at depths 10-15 km (Angster et al 2015;Avouac et al 2015;Hashash et al 2015;Parameswaran et al 2015;Duputel et al 2016;Elliott et al 2016). The earthquake-affected area is mainly in the east to the epicenter (28.23°N, 84.731°E), likely associated with the eastward rupturing directivity (Wang and Fialko 2015;Koketsu et al 2016), from which we selected is a rectangular area as the study area, which has a length of 113 km in eastwest direction and width of 92 km in north-south direction ( Fig.…”

Section: The Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide damage along Araniko highway and Pasang Lhamu highway and regional assessment of landslide hazard related to the Gorkha, Nepal earthquake of 25 April 2015

Tian

Zhou

et al. 2017

Geoenviron Disasters

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Background: The Gorkha, Nepal Mw 7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 triggered a large number of coseismic landslides in a broad area. Two highways, Araniko Highway and Pasang Lhamu Highway, that connect Tibet of China and Nepal, were affected seriously by these landslides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the landslide damage along the two highways, construct a detailed and complete inventory of coseismic landslides in the 5-km buffer area of the Araniko Highway, and perform a regional assessment of landslide hazard in the affected area. Findings: Based on visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, field investigations, and GIS technology, we investigated the coseismic landslides along the Araniko Highway and Pasang Lhamu Highway. A detailed pointbased inventory of coseismic landslides was constructed and spatial distributions of the landslides were analyzed. Correlations between the landslides and five controlling factors, i.e. elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, lithology, and seismic intensity, were illustrated statistically which permitted to assess landslides hazard in a larger rectangle area.

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Seismotectonics of the April–May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: An assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics

Cited by 44 publications

References 44 publications

Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement Field Associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: Solution from Integrated InSAR and GPS Measurements with an Extended SISTEM Approach

Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement Field Associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: Solution from Integrated InSAR and GPS Measurements with an Extended SISTEM Approach

Two comparable earthquakes produced greatly different coseismic landslides: The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal and 2008 Wenchuan, China events

Landslide damage along Araniko highway and Pasang Lhamu highway and regional assessment of landslide hazard related to the Gorkha, Nepal earthquake of 25 April 2015

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