A review on numerical modeling for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: Progress and challenges

Numerical Investigation of Ferrofluid Preparation during In-Vitro Culture of Cancer Therapy for Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia

“…In this therapy, the malignant tissues are damaged with the help of the targeted heat induction caused by nanoparticles in the presence of an alternating current (AC) magnetic field [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Notwithstanding the clinical effectiveness of MNP hyperthermia [ 7 ], avoiding the unwanted thermal stress of normal tissues is a significant challenge. The accurate evaluation of the transient and spatial temperature distribution is critical for the clinical applications of MNP hyperthermia [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

“…The accurate evaluation of the transient and spatial temperature distribution is critical for the clinical applications of MNP hyperthermia [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Hence, in-silico studies based on various numerical methods are employed to explore the parameters that optimize the hyperthermia process to evaluate the temperature [ 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] and thermal damage of the tumor containing nanoparticles [ 15 , 16 ]. Many research efforts are currently unde way to synthesize specialized MNPs with various chemical structures and shapes [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] that are suitable for targeted drug delivery [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], hyperthermia [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], and photo-thermal procedures [ 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

“…The induction heating of MNPs exposed to an applied magnetic field (AMF) is specified as the specific loss power (SLP), also called the specific absorption rate (SAR) [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], which is a quantity that evaluates the efficiency of nanoparticles in transforming EM energy into power. The SLP can be calculated by calorimetric and magnetic methods [ 7 , 45 , 46 ]. It has been recorded that the SLP values are influenced by multiple parameters of the calorimetric setup, such as the volume of the MF sample, the shape of the Eppendorf tube, the thermo-physical properties of the ferrofluid system, the position of the temperature sensor, and the external conditions [ 26 , 47 , 48 ].…”

“…In view of this, we have recently proposed a comprehensive model that evaluates the potential effect of heat loss from a ferrofluid sample placed in a polystyrene tube of a given thickness [ 14 ]. However, the proposed model is only applicable to the in-vitro investigations of the ferrofluid system and cannot be used to prepare the MFs for further experiments and in-vivo application because the applied frequency exceeds the safety limit of hyperthermia applications [ 7 ]. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no comprehensive work has been dedicated to ferrofluid preparation in a non-adiabatic environment in an in-vitro culture for cancer therapy, which is known as magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) hyperthermia.…”

In Silico Study on Tumor-Size-Dependent Thermal Profiles inside an Anthropomorphic Female Breast Phantom Subjected to Multi-Dipole Antenna Array

“…In order to eliminate the ”hot spots” and separate them from the treated tissue, boluses with cold water or hydrogels placed between the applicator and the tissue might be employed [ 27 ]. The concentration of EM energy in the cancerous area can also be obtained after placing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) within the tumor; however, in such cases, due to the safety procedures, much lower frequencies should be applied [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Importantly, various minimally invasive techniques for hyperthermic or ablative heating of tumors require continuous intensive research, with a concentrated effort by scientists to improve their effectiveness in uniform heating of the ROI and reducing possible side effects [ 34 ].…”