Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a minimally invasive procedure that destroys cancer cells. It is based on a superparamagnetic heat phenomenon and consists in feeding a ferrofluid into a tumor, and then applying an external electromagnetic field, which leads to apoptosis. The strength of the magnetic field, optimal dose of the ferrofluid, the volume of the tumor and the safety standards have to be taken into consideration when MFH treatment is planned. In this study, we have presented the novel complementary investigation based both on the experiments and numerical methodology connected with female breast cancer. We have conducted experiments on simplified female breast phantoms with numerical analysis and then we transferred the results on an anatomically-like breast model.
Purpose
Herein, we present a pilot study concerning the use of fluorodeoxy glucose conjugated magnetite nanoparticles as a potential agent in magnetic nanoparticle mediated neuroblastoma cancer cell hyperthermia. This approach makes use of the ‘Warburg effect’, utilising the fact that cancer cells have a higher metabolic rate than normal cells.
Materials and methods
FDG-mNP were synthesized, then applied to the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cancer cell line and exposed to an AC magnetic field. 3D Calorimetry was performed on the FDG-mNP compound. Simulations were performed using SEMCAD X software using Thelonious, (an anatomically correct male child model) in order to understand more about the end requirements with respect to cancer cell destruction.
Results
We investigated FDG-mNP mediated neuroblastoma cytotoxicity in conjunction with AC magnetic field exposure. Results are presented for 3D FDG-mNP SARmnp (10.86 ± 0.99 W/g of particles) using a therapeutic dose of 0.83 mg/mL. Human model simulations suggest that 43 W/kg SARTheo would be required to obtain 42 °C within the centre of a liver tumour (Tumour size, bounding box x=64, y=61, z=65 [mm]), and that the temperature distribution is inhomogeneous within the tumour.
Conclusion
Our study suggests that this approach could potentially be used to increase the temperature within cells that would result in cancer cell death due to hyperthermia. Further development of this research will also involve using whole tumours removed from living organisms in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography.
The manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using an external magnetic field, has been successfully demonstrated in various biomedical applications. Some have utilised this non-invasive external stimulus and there is an potential to build on this platform. The focus of this study is to understand the manipulation of MNPs by a time-varying static magnetic field and how, at different frequencies and displacement, this can alter cellular function. Here we explore, using numerical modeling, the physical mechanism which underlies this process, and we discuss potential improvements for its use in biomedical applications. From our data and other related studies, we infer that such phenomenon largely depends on the magnetic field gradient, magnetic susceptibility and size of the MNPs, magnet array oscillating frequency, viscosity of the medium surrounding MNPs, and distance between the magnetic field source and MNPs. Additionally, we demonstrate cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro induced by MNPs exposed to a magnetic field gradient and oscillating at various frequencies and displacement amplitudes. Even though this technique reliably produces MNP endocytosis and/or cytotoxicity, a better understanding is required to develop this system for precision manipulation of MNPs, ex vivo.
We conclude from these experiments that alternating magnetic field (AMF)-mediated activation and magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) research will benefit from this RF coil that fits inside an incubation chamber, mounted onto a microscope. This new design could be used to assist real-time MFH studies in vitro.
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