A Review on Nano-/Microstructured Materials Constructed by Electrochemical Technologies for Supercapacitors

Abstract

The article reviews the recent progress of electrochemical techniques on synthesizing nano-/microstructures as supercapacitor electrodes. With a history of more than a century, electrochemical techniques have evolved from metal plating since their inception to versatile synthesis tools for electrochemically active materials of diverse morphologies, compositions, and functions. The review begins with tutorials on the operating mechanisms of five commonly used electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic deposition, galvanostatic deposition, pulse deposition, and electrophoretic deposition, followed by thorough surveys of the nano-/microstructured materials synthesized electrochemically. Specifically, representative synthesis mechanisms and the state-of-the-art electrochemical performances of exfoliated graphene, conducting polymers, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and their composites are surveyed. The article concludes with summaries of the unique merits, potential challenges, and associated opportunities of electrochemical synthesis techniques for electrode materials in supercapacitors.

Self-Template Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Carbon Nanospheres with Rational Mesoporosity for Efficient Supercapacitors

“…where C s and C p are the specific capacitances obtained from CV and GCD curves, V 1 and V are the low and high potential limits in the CV curves, I (V), m (g), υ (mV•s −1 ), ∆t (s), ∆V (V) refer to the instant current, mass loading, scan rate, discharge time, and potential window, respectively. For the two-electrode cell, the specific capacitance was also calculated according to Equation (2). The difference is that m (g) refers to the whole mass loading of active materials.…”

“…Up to now, electrical energy has been the most widespread and convenient form of energy usage, and the consumption of electricity will surge with the rising population [1][2][3]. These ever-increasing demands are expected to be derived from renewable sources like solar, tidal, wind, and biomass power etc.…”

Electrochemically Produced Copolymers of Pyrrole and Its Derivatives: A Plentitude of Material Properties Using “Simple” Heterocyclic Co-Monomers

“…The properties of polypyrroles are dependent on both the polymerisation conditions and the chemical structure of the used monomers. Electrochemically produced PPy and its derivatives are substances that are interesting in terms of developing semiconductor materials with a broad array of applications, including medical [ 6 , 7 ], electronic [ 8 ], sensing devices [ 9 , 10 ], and energy storage devices [ 11 ]. Copolymers of pyrrole (Py), which were produced via electrochemical copolymerisation in a solution containing a mixture of different co-monomers, are one particular class of polypyrrole-based materials.…”

Solution‐based deposition of nano‐embossed metal electrodes on cotton fabrics for wearable heaters and supercapacitors

“…Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to fabricating flexible energy storage devices. [1][2][3] In this regard, cotton has received substantial attention as an ideal substrate for flexible and wearable applications. Due to their flexibility, wearability, breathability, and user-familiar features, cotton fabrics have been considered to be a next-generation platform for human-integrated devices and their applications in sensors, [4][5][6] energy storage devices, [7][8][9][10][11] and heaters, 12,13 have been widely studied.…”