A review on management of cardiovascular diseases by olive polyphenols

Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases have increasingly grown the cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. Among them, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the major contributor to deaths. CVDs are common in the urban community population due to the substandard living conditions, which have a significant impact on the healthcare system, and over 23 million human beings are anticipated to suffer from the CVDs before 2030. At the moment, CVD physicians are immediately advancing both primary and secondary prevention modalities in high‐risk populations. The cornerstone of CVD prevention is a healthy lifestyle that is more cost‐effective than the treatments after disease onset. In fact, in the present scenario, comprehensive research conducted on food plant components is potentially efficacious in reducing some highly prevalent CVD risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Polyphenols of olive oil (OO), virgin olive oil (VOO), and extra virgin olive oil contribute an essential role for the management of CVDs. Olive oil induces cardioprotective effects due to the presence of a plethora of polyphenolic compounds, for example, oleuropein (OL), tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. The present study examines the bioavailability and absorption of major olive bioactive compounds, for instance, oleacein, oleocanthal, OL, and tyrosol. This review also elucidates the snobbish connection of olive polyphenols (OP) and the potential mechanism involved in combating various CVD results taken up from the in vitro and in vivo studies, such as animal and human model studies.

Health Benefits of Extra Virgin Olive Oil

“…Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) often called "silent killers," are mostly common in urban community populations [13,17]. Initially, the mechanism of EVOO as cardioprotector was based on the incidence on the so-called traditional risk factors (lipids and blood pressure), but the modern cardiovascular risk factors are extended to inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, platelet aggregation, fibrinolysis, endothelial function or lipids, or even modulation of the conditions, which are predispositions for CVDs, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes melitus [81].…”

“…CVD is a group of disorders such as chronic heart disease, stroke, rheumatic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, congenital heart disease, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and most of them proliferate in general by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels causing a blockage of blood circulation to the arms, legs, brain, or heart [7,17]. There is an evidence that EVOO's fatty acids play an essential role in the management of CVDs and do not cause deposits and blockage in the blood vessels [3,4,17,82]. Current recommendations for primary prevention of CVD highlight the importance of dietary patterns including dietary sources of healthy fats, such as those high in unsaturated fat and low in saturated fat.…”

“…Antimicrobial activities have been found in olive extracts; EVOO components, like tocopherols, carotenoids, have been shown to reduce the growth of foodborne pathogens and stimulation of growth of probiotic microorganisms such as L. Acidophilus and B. Bifidum [17]. Also, EVOO phenols have been demonstrated to inhibit in vivo or delay the growth of bacteria, such as salmonella, cholera, pseudomonas, staphylococcus, fungi, viruses, and parasites.…”

Efficacy of Polyphenols in the Management of Dyslipidemia: A Focus on Clinical Studies

“…This positive impact may be due to its high polyphenolic content, derived from vegetables, grapes and olive oil. For example, olive oil brings out cardioprotective effects due the presence of a myriad of polyphenolic constituents, including phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, syringic acids), flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, luteolin), secoiridoids (e.g., oleuropein) and lignin (tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol) [ 6 ]. These results have warranted widespread recommendations for the Mediterranean diet with respect to CVD prevention and management [ 4 ].…”

Activity Guided Isolation of Phenolic Compositions from Anneslea fragrans Wall. and Their Cytoprotective Effect against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells

“…Many of them, such as resveratrol and some derivatives [ 12 ], anthocyanidins [ 13 ], isoflavones [ 14 ], catechin [ 15 ], and quercetin [ 16 ] are well known for their protective effect by scavenging ROS [ 1 ]. For the past few years, polyphenols have been attracting attention in the prevention of cancer [ 17 ], cardiovascular dysfunction [ 18 ], neurodegenerative diseases [ 19 ], and aging [ 20 ]. Therefore, searching for effective antioxidants is an urgent need to promote human health.…”