A Review on Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride

Abstract

Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) has paved the way for thin film solid-state battery technology development and has shown application in a large range of fields since its first reported synthesis in 1993. The term LiPON describes the family of materials with the general formula of Li x PO y N z offering a great range of stoichiometries with varying properties. Understanding how the properties of LiPON are affected by different preparation methods is important for tuning this material to fit the required application. It is also useful to understand the LiPON relation between the amorphous structure and ionic conductivity, as well as the electrochemically degradation in contact with electrode materials. This review summarizes various methods of synthesizing LiPON and evaluates them on the basis of multiple properties of the resulting material. Structure−property relationships are identified to categorize the various LiPON stoichiometries that have been synthesized. Possible lithium ion conduction pathways and electrochemical degradation mechanism in LiPON are discussed. Representative applications of LiPON films are also introduced. At the end of this review, insights for future research into LiPON materials are provided.

Solid Li- and Na-Ion Electrolytes for Next Generation Rechargeable Batteries

“…74 The general formula of LiPON can be written as Li x PO y N z (x = 2y + 3z − 5), and different stoichiometries will result in different properties of LiPON. 74,75 LiPON has the ionic conductive ability, but compared to other SSEs, the conductivity is relatively low (∼10 −9 to ∼10 −4 S/cm). 74 LiPON has a wide electrochemical stability window and is stable when it is in contact with lithium.…”

Nanoscale Li, Na, and K ion-conducting polyphosphazenes by atomic layer deposition

“…Though the body of work for ALD ion conductors continues to grow, the most well-studied material is LiPON due to its attractive voltage stability window, its self-passivating interfaces, and large body of prior development work on the material using PVD. 29 LiPON was first developed as a sputtered SSE at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the early 1990s by Bates et al 30,31 Even with this long history, the phosphorous oxynitride (PON) structure has been challenging to understand due its amorphous nature. Despite this difficulty, there are several aspects of the bonding environment that are indicative of the structure and resulting properties.…”

Interface engineering towardhigh‐efficiencyalloy anode for next‐generation energy storage device

“…Phosphates are also applied as artificial SEI for alloy anode. Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) has shown promising application on solid batteries with high energy and power densities attributed to its high ionic conductivity and mechanical modulus 89,90 . Benefit from the above advantages, LiPON can be adopted as artificial SEI on alloyed anode to alleviate volume changes during cycling and improve conductivity of active ions.…”