A review on ionic liquids as perspective catalysts in transesterification of different feedstock oil into biodiesel

Ullah, Zahoor; Khan, Amir Sada; Muhammad, Nawshad; Ullah, Riaz; Alqahtani, Ali S.; Shah, Syed Nasir; Ghanem, Ouahid Ben; Bustam, Mohamad Azmi; Man, Zakaria

doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.024

Cited by 91 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…In this context, great attention has been received from both the research community and the industry; the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) [7][8][9][10], namely biodiesel, a well-known renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable fuel, is capable of reducing emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, carcinogenic aromatics, and sulfur in our environment [11,12]. They are ideal substitutes of petro-diesel that can be used without any engine modification and produced via acid or base-catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids present in oils and waste lipids [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

et al. 2019

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A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thus becoming applicable to common vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, jatropha, linseed, etc.) and animal fats (lard and fish oil), but also to waste lipids such as cooking oils (WCOs), highly acidic lipids from oil industry processing, and lipid fractions of municipal sewage sludge. Reusability of the catalyst system together with kinetic (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG‡ and ΔH‡) are also studied for transesterification reaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

et al. 2019

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“…Some challenges are associated with biodiesel feedstock selection, optimization and production processes, the oil extraction and conversion process, fuel characterization and property analysis, and storage and transport [29]. Moreover, the limitations of the usual catalysts used for the production of biodiesel have created a niche for the investigation of new catalysts as ionic liquid that can be recycled easily [30] or nano-catalysts [31]. The raw material selection and catalyst type play significant roles in the economic viability of biodiesel production [32].…”

Section: General Aspects Of Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects on Biodiesel Production Caused by Feed Oil Changes in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor

et al. 2020

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Continuous production processes and an adequate supply of raw materials are necessary to satisfy the growing demand for biodiesel. The use of different feed oils could be necessary to ensure sufficient supply for biodiesel production in certain circumstances; however, changing feed oil during the operation of a continuous reactor causes process disturbances. The present study analyses the effect of feed oil changes on the continuous operation of a industrial continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) using a model which takes the dynamics of oil changes into account. The models previously reported only consider the operation of reactor with only one vegetable oil. The model in this work was developed by mass and energy balances. A methodology to model oil changes is presented. Glycerides and esters were characterized using adequate approaches. Moreover, accurate methods for predicting essential properties in the biodiesel manufacturing were used for the estimation of their thermo-physical properties. The kinetic parameters of the transesterifications were calculated from consistent studies selected from an exhaustive literature revision. The results show that temperature is practically not affected after oil changes; however, the ester concentration varies considerably. The ester mass fraction varying by up to 22.07% after an disturbance.

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“…According to Figure 1 and Figure 2, the most frequently used terms are catalysis [27,29], homogeneous catalyst [30], heterogeneous catalysis [31,32,33], biosynthesis [34], esterification [27,31,35], transesterification [36,37,38], enzyme synthesis [39,40], microalga. Additionally, the most exploited synthetic routes are by transesterification and esterification.…”

Section: World Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review

et al. 2018

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One of the advantages of using biodiesel and its blends with diesel oil is the lower levels of emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, among others, making it less harmful to the environment and to humans. However, this biofuel is susceptible to microbial contamination and biodeterioration. In this sense, studies on the use of effective low toxicity biocides are being carried out, and this work aims to present the latest information (2008–2018) available in the scientific databases, on the use of biocides in biodiesel, mainly concerning their toxicity to the environment and public health. The results showed that in relation to the control of microbial contamination, the current scenario is limited, with seven publications, in which the most studied additives were isothiazolinones, oxazolidines, thiocyanates, morpholines, oxaborinanes, thiocarbamates and phenolic antioxidants. Studies regarding direct experiments with humans have not been found, showing the need for more studies in this area, since the potential growth of biodiesel production and consumption in the world is evident. Thus, there are need for more studies on antimicrobial products for use in biodiesel, with good broad-spectrum activity (bactericidal and fungicidal), and further toxicological tests to ensure no or little impact on the environment.

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A review on ionic liquids as perspective catalysts in transesterification of different feedstock oil into biodiesel

Cited by 91 publications

References 102 publications

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

Effects on Biodiesel Production Caused by Feed Oil Changes in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor

Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review

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