A Review on Gain Enhancement Techniques for Vertically Polarized Mid-Air Collision Avoidance Antenna for Airborne Applications

Pallavi, M.; Kumar, Pramod; Ali, Tanweer; Shenoy, Bhaskar

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3059957

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Multiple layer conductors enhance the depth of electromagnetic energy penetration while decreasing conductor and ohmic losses. 84 The efficiency and gain of a modified square ring antenna built with a single layer patch are 29.89% and 1.30 dBi, respectively. The identical antenna with two layers designed conductor has a radiation efficiency of 35.03% and a gain of 2.44 dBi.…”

Section: Microstrip Antenna With Engineered Conductormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Losses are avoided and efficiency is raised as the number of thin laminated layers grows without increasing overall thickness. Multiple layer conductors enhance the depth of electromagnetic energy penetration while decreasing conductor and ohmic losses 84 . The efficiency and gain of a modified square ring antenna built with a single layer patch are 29.89% and 1.30 dBi, respectively.…”

Section: Efficiency Enhancement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficiency enhancement techniques of microwave and millimeter‐wave antennas for 5G communication: A survey

Nahar

Rawat

2022

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Efficiency is a critical antenna parameter that describes how well an antenna emits and accepts electromagnetic signals. When an antenna has poor efficiency, the input power is only partially radiated and is primarily wasted due to internal losses such as conduction, dielectric, mismatching, and several other losses within the antenna. In order to enhance signal quality, a communication system requires an antenna with high efficiency and gain. The fifth-generation wireless system will use millimeter wave spectrum along with sub 1 GHz and sub 6 GHz bands to fulfill wide bandwidth, ultra-high-speed, and low latency requirements of 5G communication. Compact low-profile antenna with high radiation efficiency, high gain, and wideband characteristics are required to support bandwidth requirements of 5G and mitigate the signal degradation due to high link losses caused by environmental absorptions at the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum. Compact planar antennas have become an important part of modern wireless communication equipment, but these antennas are associated with many issues like low efficiency, poor gain, small radiation resistance, and high cross-polarization, which is due to the increased conductor and dielectric losses, surface wave losses and so forth. Various techniques need to be employed for the improvement of the efficiency of the antenna, which results in high gain low loss antenna characteristics. This article presents the survey of various efficiency enhancement techniques for 5G antennas and a review of structures that provides good radiation efficiency for 5G communications.

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Section: Microstrip Antenna With Engineered Conductormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Efficiency Enhancement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency enhancement techniques of microwave and millimeter‐wave antennas for 5G communication: A survey

Nahar

Rawat

2022

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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“…If a timeout occurs, then the current exchange process gets cancelled, and it is repeated some time later. Adaptive antenna weights are included in control packets, and they are conveyed to their neighbor nodes [21].…”

Section: The Nullmac Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of NULLMAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Adaptive Antenna Array

Subramaniam¹,

Krishnan²,

Rambabu

et al. 2023

Mobile Information Systems

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Usually, omnidirectional radiation pattern antenna is used in the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which causes neighbor node interference, consumes more power, and supports only limited range of transmission. To overcome these problems, smart antennas are used. A lot of medium access control (MAC) protocols are proposed using smart antennas. Existing works addressed various problems such as hidden terminal problem, hidden beam problem, deafness of nodes, and head of line blocking problem. However, certain factors including determination of weight vector and conveying it to the neighbor nodes for distortion-free transmission are not considered. In this study, nullifying MAC (NULLMAC) framework is proposed using an adaptive antenna array (AAA) for improving network performance in MANET. NULLMAC framework uses channel information for achieving high throughput and spatial reuse through integrated physical and MAC layer. Before the transfer of data packets, the receiver initially determines its weight vector and conveys it to the transmitter through control packets. Then, the transmitter computes its weight to nullify the dynamic receivers present in the neighborhood region to find the desired receiver. Beamformer weights are determined through channel coefficients between a transmitter-receiver pair to establish distortion-free transmission. Extensive simulations are performed using OPNET integrated with MATLAB. NULLMAC framework achieves 27.22% more throughput and 40.46% increase in signal-to-noise ratio.

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“…The MTM has the potential to control the propagation of light inside waveguides and in free space [2]. Therefore, the ability to influence the propagation of EM waves and the outstanding features of MTM made it appropriate for various applications such as antennas, satellite communication, optical filters, invisibility cloaking, shielding properties, biosensors, sensor detection, signal multiplexing, holography, data processing, and battlefield communication [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of a Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial Unit-Cell and Array for Aircraft Surveillance Applications

et al. 2022

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In this paper, a unique negative refractive index-metamaterial (NRI-MTM) structure is proposed for traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) for aircraft application. The NRI-MTM unit-cell structure is a combination of square and circular split ring structures. The proposed square and circular split ring metamaterial (SCM) is designed on the top of a 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate, with a single circular split ring on the bottom of the substrate. The total dimension of the SCM unit-cell is 23 × 23mm 2 (0.08𝜆 × 0.08 𝜆), resonating at 1.06 GHz. This unit-cell is further used to create a 5×4 array structure with a dimension of 130 × 111mm 2 (0.46 𝜆 × 0.4 𝜆). A High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is used to assess the electromagnetic properties of the proposed structures. Furthermore, in order to analyse the double negative (DNG) behaviour of the designed SCM structure, the unit-cell is rotated from 0 to 360 degrees with a step of 60 degrees along the azimuthal plane. On doing so, it is observed that, the proposed SCM structures, including unit-cell and array structures, exhibit DNG and NRI properties over the frequency band of 0.5 to 1.2 GHz, thus making it optimum for aircraft surveillance application. The SCM unit-cell and 5 × 4 SCM array structure were fabricated, and the measured results are in well agreement with the simulated results. Further, the array structure is used as a superstrate on the patch antenna to analyze the impact of the MTM on the antenna performance. In comparison to the antenna without the MTM structure, the 5 × 4 SCM array loaded antenna has a gain improvement of 2.8dB and a bandwidth enhancement of 31.5MHz.

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A Review on Gain Enhancement Techniques for Vertically Polarized Mid-Air Collision Avoidance Antenna for Airborne Applications

Cited by 16 publications

References 149 publications

Efficiency enhancement techniques of microwave and millimeter‐wave antennas for 5G communication: A survey

Efficiency enhancement techniques of microwave and millimeter‐wave antennas for 5G communication: A survey

Design of NULLMAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Adaptive Antenna Array

Modeling of a Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial Unit-Cell and Array for Aircraft Surveillance Applications

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