Efficiency enhancement techniques of microwave and millimeter‐wave antennas for 5G communication: A survey

Nahar, Tapan; Rawat, Sanyog

doi:10.1002/ett.4530

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(325 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, the lossy FR-4 materials and copper loss contribute to the dissipation of the input power in the proposed antenna systems. These factors may have significant influences on degrading the antenna efficiency [ 52 , 53 ]. Whilst the mutual coupling between MIMO components affects the antenna efficiency, the antenna efficiency might be improved by enhancing the isolation among the MIMO components.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterial Integrated Wideband High-Gain MIMO Antenna for 5G New Radio Applications

et al. 2023

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This article demonstrates a compact wideband four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system integrated with a wideband metamaterial (MM) to reach high gain for sub-6 GHz new radio (NR) 5G communication. The four antennas of the proposed MIMO system are orthogonally positioned to the adjacent antennas with a short interelement edge-to-edge distance (0.19λmin at 3.25 GHz), confirming compact size and wideband characteristics 55.2% (3.25–5.6 GHz). Each MIMO system component consists of a fractal slotted unique patch with a transmission feed line and a metal post-encased defected ground structure (DGS). The designed MIMO system is realized on a low-cost FR-4 printed material with a miniature size of 0.65λmin × 0.65λmin × 0.02λmin. A 6 × 6 array of double U-shaped resonator-based unique mu-near-zero (MNZ) wideband metamaterial reflector (MMR) is employed below the MIMO antenna with a 0.14λmin air gap, improving the gain by 2.8 dBi and manipulating the MIMO beam direction by 60°. The designed petite MIMO system with a MM reflector proposes a high peak gain of 7.1 dBi in comparison to recent relevant antennas with high isolation of 35 dB in the n77/n78/n79 bands. In addition, the proposed wideband MMR improves the MIMO diversity and radiation characteristics with an average total efficiency of 68% over the desired bands. The stated MIMO antenna system has an outstanding envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.045, a greater diversity gain (DG) of near 10 dB (>9.96 dB), a low channel capacity loss (CCL) of <0.35 b/s/Hz and excellent multiplexing efficiency (ME) of higher than −1.4 dB. The proposed MIMO concept is confirmed by fabricating and testing the developed MIMO structure. In contrast to the recent relevant works, the proposed antenna is compact in size, while maintaining high gain and wideband characteristics, with strong MIMO performance. Thus, the proposed concept could be a potential approach to the 5G MIMO antenna system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterial Integrated Wideband High-Gain MIMO Antenna for 5G New Radio Applications

et al. 2023

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“…The basic mode of intelligent distributed distribution automation combines the advantages of distributed and centralized control methods, which can not only coordinate the control of the whole network, but also reduce the dependence on communication, meet the operation control requirements of modern distribution network, and is an effective means to solve the problems of distributed energy diversification, network complexity, diverse control objectives and personalized user needs in modern distribution network. The basic mode of intelligent distributed distribution automation can report the processing results and processes to the main station of distribution automation in time, which greatly improves the reliability and transmission rate of network transmission [5][6].…”

Section: Distribution Automationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero-trust security monitoring of intelligent distribution network terminals based on 5G communication technology

Liu,

Chen,

Liu

et al. 2023

International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Data Processing (EIEDP 2023)

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“…The past few decades have witnessed a tremendous growth of wireless communication techniques and its promising applications. 1 Currently, the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication has been standardized by 3GPP and been commercially deployed worldwide. Under such scenario, the researcher and industry have been dedicating to beyond 5G (B5G) and the sixth generation (6G) wireless mobile communications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The past few decades have witnessed a tremendous growth of wireless communication techniques and its promising applications 1 . Currently, the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication has been standardized by 3GPP and been commercially deployed worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical layer security‐oriented energy‐efficient resource allocation and trajectory design for UAV jammer over 5G millimeter wave cognitive relay system

Sun,

Jia,

Han

et al. 2023

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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This work focuses on the optimal trajectory of a rotary‐wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) jammer and the system power allocation with the objective of maximizing the total secure energy efficiency (EE) of a slotted relay‐assisted millimeter wave (mm‐Wave) cognitive radio system. The UAV flies from starting location to final one in a round of communication mission that is overheard by a malicious eavesdropper. The network terminals are equipped with multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna array. This work first develops a practical approximation propagation model by addressing three key challenges: path loss, small‐scale Nakagami‐m fading channel gains, and transceiver antenna beamforming gains. By using the approximate model, the upper and lower bounds of the ergodic rate of each communication link are derived. Second, with the objective of maximizing secure EE, the optimal UAV trajectory and system resource allocation framework is established by considering the constraints of interference at primary receiver (PR), information‐causality relationship, rotary‐wing UAV propulsion energy and so forth. The optimal framework is solved with a tractable CVX tool by using the derived upper and lower bounds and successive convex approximation. Finally, an iterative optimizing algorithm is established by using Dinkelbach's method. In the simulation, the work presents the comparison of UAV trajectories, secure rates, and secure EEs of three schemes, that is, the proposed EE scheme, the non‐EE scheme where only the optimal secure rate is considered, and the EE scheme with the consideration of all communication‐related energy consumption. The simulations show that the EE schemes achieve smoother UAV trajectory than non‐EE, but the non‐EE scheme has higher secure rate. The impact of communication energy consumption is negligible. In addition, the effect of MIMO antenna array and mm‐Wave on system performance is exploited.

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Efficiency enhancement techniques of microwave and millimeter‐wave antennas for 5G communication: A survey

Cited by 14 publications

References 97 publications

A Compact Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterial Integrated Wideband High-Gain MIMO Antenna for 5G New Radio Applications

A Compact Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterial Integrated Wideband High-Gain MIMO Antenna for 5G New Radio Applications

Zero-trust security monitoring of intelligent distribution network terminals based on 5G communication technology

Physical layer security‐oriented energy‐efficient resource allocation and trajectory design for UAV jammer over 5G millimeter wave cognitive relay system

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