A review on citrinin: Its occurrence, risk implications, analytical techniques, biosynthesis, physiochemical properties and control

Zhang, Hongyin; Ahima, Joseph; Yang, Qiya; Zhao, Lina; Zhang, Xiaoyun; Zheng, Xizhong

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110075

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 96 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CIT is produced by several Aspergillus , Penicillium , and Monascus species, and it can be found in stored grain and other plant products like fruits, herbs, and spices, showing a wide distribution throughout different geographical areas around the world and occurring at concentration ranges from a few ng/g up to 1500 ng/g depending on the commodity. ,− This toxin has also been identified co-occurring with other toxins produced by these fungi, especially ochratoxin A (OTA). , Nonetheless, only the maximum level for citrinin in food supplements based on rice fermented with red yeast Monascus purpureus has been set to date . CIT is a quinone with a planar and conjugated structure that targets primarily the kidney, resulting in necrosis of renal tubules. , Although the mechanism responsible for its toxicity is not fully understood, it could be related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) linked to apoptotic processes. , Moreover, CIT has genotoxic properties and can induce micronuclei (mainly aneugenic) and chromosomal aberration in several animal and human cell lines. ,, The EFSA Contam Panel concluded that the combined effect of OTA and CIT is mainly additive .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data

Narváez

Izzo

Rodríguez-Carrasco

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Citrinin (CIT) is a scarcely studied mycotoxin within foodstuffs, so the biomonitoring of this toxin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in biological samples represents the main alternative to estimate the exposure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of CIT and DH-CIT in 300 urine samples from Italian individuals in order to assess the exposure. Quantification was performed through an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)-based methodology. CIT was quantified in 47% of samples (n = 300) up to 4.0 ng/mg Crea (mean = 0.29 ng/mg Crea), whereas DH-CIT was quantified in 21% of samples up to 2.5 ng/mg Crea (mean = 0.39 ng/mg Crea). Considering different age groups, average exposure ranged from 8% to 40% of the provisional tolerable daily intake, whereas four individuals surpassed the limits suggested by the European Food Safety Authority. These results revealed non-negligible exposure levels to CIT, encouraging further investigation in foodstuffs monitoring studies.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data

Narváez

Izzo

Rodríguez-Carrasco

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Relevant in vivo studies on health effects of other mycotoxins included in the Dutch TDSs were not identified in the related EFSA Scientific Opinions or literature after those publication dates (see Appendix A ). For many mycotoxins, chronic in vivo studies are scarce, and although some mycotoxins were not included in the assessment groups in this study, it does not necessarily mean that they should not be included [ 55 , 56 , 57 ]. The risks attributed to the assessment groups may, therefore, be underestimated as a result of these lacking data.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Exposure to Multiple Mycotoxins: An Example of Using a Tiered Approach in a Mixture Risk Assessment

Brand

Bokkers

Biesebeek

et al. 2022

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Humans are exposed to mycotoxins on a regular basis. Exposure to a mixture of mycotoxins may, therefore, result in a combination of adverse effects, or trigger the same effects. This should be accounted for when assessing the combined risk of multiple mycotoxins. Here, we show the outcome of using different approaches in assessing the risks related to the combined exposure to mycotoxins. We performed a tiered approach using assessment groups with a common target organ (kidney, liver and haematologic system), or a common adverse effect (phenomenon) (reduced white blood cell count), to combine the exposure to mycotoxins. The combined exposure was calculated for the individuals in this assessment, using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) tool. The risk related to this combined exposure was assessed using toxicological reference values, e.g., health based guidance values. We show that estimating the combined risk by adding the single compounds’ risk distributions slightly overestimates the combined risk in the 95th percentile, as compared to combining the exposures at an individual level. We also show that relative potency factors can be used to refine the mixture risk assessment, as compared to ratios of toxicological reference values with different effect sizes and assessment factors.

show abstract

“…Acute PAT exposure damages gut epithelium, liver, kidney, and immune system, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and intestinal hemorrhages [53]. PAT has also been shown to affect the activities of thiol-containing enzymes that play important roles in glycolysis, since this mycotoxin can easily form covalent sulfhydryl-containing compounds, which is the main mechanism associated with PAT toxicity [54]. The destruction of lactone, furan or the pyran ring and hemiacetal in the structure of PAT may be an indicator of toxicity reduction [8].…”

Section: Patulinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances

Liu

Xie

2022

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mycotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi that pose a huge threat to human and animal health. Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide issue, which leads to huge financial losses, annually. Decades of research have developed various approaches to degrade mycotoxins, among which the biological methods have been proved to have great potential and advantages. This review provides an overview on the important advances in the biological removal of mycotoxins over the last decade. Here, we provided further insight into the chemical structures and the toxicity of the main mycotoxins. The innovative strategies including mycotoxin degradation by novel probiotics are summarized in an in-depth discussion on potentialities and limitations. We prospected the promising future for the development of multifunctional approaches using recombinant enzymes and microbial consortia for the simultaneous removal of multiple mycotoxins.

show abstract

A review on citrinin: Its occurrence, risk implications, analytical techniques, biosynthesis, physiochemical properties and control

Cited by 38 publications

References 96 publications

Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data

Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data

Combined Exposure to Multiple Mycotoxins: An Example of Using a Tiered Approach in a Mixture Risk Assessment

Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About