Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data

Narváez, Alfonso; Izzo, Luana; Rodríguez-Carrasco, Yelko; Ritieni, Alberto

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01776

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…However, the collection of complete 24 h urine sample in large population was not convenient, time-consuming, and frequently improper or incomplete [12,39]. As an alternative, first morning urine sample was utilized since it could also provide useful information regarding exposure at the population level as indicated by the previous studies [40][41][42][43]. Moreover, considering the limited number of samples and the lack of Alternaria mycotoxins concentrations of adolescents and children, the present work could not represent the entire population in the Yangtze River Delta, China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Exposure to Five Alternaria Mycotoxins in China by Biomonitoring Approach

Fan

Guo

Huang

et al. 2021

Toxins

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This biomonitoring study was conducted to investigate the concentration levels of five Alternaria mycotoxins in urine samples from 269 healthy volunteers living in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) were detected in 38.3%, 48.7%, 63.9% and 23.4% of urine samples with the concentrations ranging from 0.057 to 45.8 ng/mL, 0.020 to 0.802 ng/mL, 0.050 to 80.6 ng/mL and 0.021 to 0.939 ng/mL, respectively. Altenuene (ALT) was not detected in any urine sample. Based on the urinary concentrations, the probable daily intake (PDI) values of Alternaria mycotoxins were calculated, and 100%, 99.2–100%, 0.372% and 1.12% of participants exceeded the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) values for AOH, AME, TeA and TEN, respectively. This study revealed high potential health risks related to the contaminations of major Alternaria mycotoxins in China and highlighted the necessity for more toxicological studies to provide better basis for further comprehensive risk assessments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Exposure to Five Alternaria Mycotoxins in China by Biomonitoring Approach

Fan

Guo

Huang

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…First reports are those by Blaszkewicz et al [ 15 ] and by Ali et al [ 16 ] on biomarker occurrence in urines from German adults, and a comparative study of the urinary biomarker excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti by a multi-mycotoxin method [ 17 ]. More recent results of CIT biomarker analysis in cohorts from several countries, by targeted or by multi-mycotoxin methods, have been reviewed [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]; these data show widespread exposure to this nephrotoxic food contaminant, as well as variations in the occurrence and urine levels of CIT and DH-CIT in different parts of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is of considerable interest, also in the light of co-occurrence with the nephrotoxic mycotoxin OTA in foods and in human fluids [ 4 , 11 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. However, biomonitoring data on CIT are limited, and only a few studies so far include children cohorts [ 20 , 23 , 25 ]. The present study is the first one on CIT biomarkers in urines from German children and adults collected in three federal states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults

Degen

Reinders

Kraft

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Citrinin (CIT), a mycotoxin known to exert nephrotoxicity, is a contaminant in food and feed. Since CIT contamination is not regularly analyzed, data on its occurrence and especially levels in food commodities are insufficient for conducting a conventional exposure assessment. Yet, human biomonitoring, i.e., an analysis of CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in urine samples allows to estimate exposure. This study investigated CIT exposure in young (2–14 years) and adult (24–61 years) residents of three federal states in Germany. A total of 179 urine samples from children and 142 from adults were collected and analyzed by a targeted LC-MS/MS based method for presence of CIT and DH-CIT. At least one of the biomarkers was detected and quantified in all urines, which indicated a widespread dietary exposure to the mycotoxin in Germany. Interestingly, the biomarker concentrations of CITtotal (sum of CIT and DH-CIT) were higher in children’s urine (range 0.05–7.62 ng/mL; median of 0.54 ng/mL) than in urines from adults (range 0.04–3.5 ng/mL; median 0.3 ng/mL). The biomarker levels (CITtotal) of individual urines served to calculate the probable daily CIT intake, for comparison to a value of 0.2 µg/kg bw/day defined as ‘level of no concern for nephrotoxicity’ by the European Food Safety Authority. The median exposure of German adults was 0.013 µg/kg b.w., with only one urine donor exceeding this provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) for CIT. The median exposure of children was 0.05 µg/kg bw per day (i.e., 25% of the pTDI); however, CIT exposure in 12 individuals (6.3% of our study group) exceeded the limit value, with a maximum intake of 0.46 µg/kg b.w. per day. In conclusion, these results show evidence for non-negligible exposure to CIT in some individuals in Germany, mainly in children. Therefore, further biomonitoring studies and investigations aimed to identify the major sources of CIT exposure in food commodities are required.

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“…While the exposure assessment to contaminants may vary a lot between mean and high-consumers of a certain food, in the case of RYR supplements the variability – and therefore the associated uncertainty – is strongly reduced. As some recent investigations have noticed variability the urinary excretion of citrinin as a marker to assess the exposure, it would be advisable if similar research in the future could track RYR users within the screened population ( 42 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of RYR Food Supplements: Perception vs. Reality

2021

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Thirty-seven red yeast rice (RYR) food supplements were screened for their mycotoxin and natural statin content. Products included pure RYR capsules and multi-ingredient formulations with standardized amounts of monacolin K (MK), marketed both online and retail in the European Union. In terms of mycotoxins, citrinin (CIT) was found in all the monitored products. As CIT content ranged from 100 to 25100 μg/kg, only four products were compliant with maximum EU levels in force until April 2020, while a single product was compliant with the limit of 100 μg/kg introduced after that date. Four contaminated products were labeled as “citrinin free”. In terms of natural statins, nine products had a lower content vs. label statements (from −30 to −83%), while for 24 a larger MK amount (from 10 to 266%) was noticed. Three products had a negligible MK content and only 19 offered a daily dosage exceeding 10 mg as dictated by the health claim granted by EFSA in the EU. No sample had label values compliant with pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices requirements (95–105% content of active constituent). Variable, but small amounts of simvastatin (0.1–7.5 μg per daily dose) were found in 30 samples. These results suggest that limited efficacy and reported safety issues may stem from an under-regulated and undercontrolled market, weakening both effectiveness and risk assessment evaluations.

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Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Assessment of Human Exposure to Five Alternaria Mycotoxins in China by Biomonitoring Approach

Assessment of Human Exposure to Five Alternaria Mycotoxins in China by Biomonitoring Approach

Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults

Risk Assessment of RYR Food Supplements: Perception vs. Reality

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