A review on chemistry, therapeutic applications, extraction & purification of bromelain

Abstract

This review focused on the usage of bromelain in numerous applications, as well as the most recent literature on the chemistry, extraction, and purification of bromelain from pineapple (Ananas comosus). Bromelain is a crude, aqueous extract obtained from the stems and fruits of pineapple, leading edible member of the family Bromeliaceae. Bromelain contains a mixture of different thiol endopeptidases as well as phosphatases, glucosidases, peroxidases, cellulases, & glycoproteins. It exerts its enzymatic activity over a PH range 4.5 – 9.5. The isolation & purification of bromelain has been done by various methods includes aqueous two-phase extraction, reverse micellar extraction, ultrafiltration & precipitation & chromatographic techniques. Bromelain, a cysteine protease, has found commercial use in a variety of industries including food, beverage, tenderization, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile. Bromelain act as an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oedematous, anti-thrombotic & anti-metastatic. Although the precise mechanism of action of bromelain has not been established, bromelain has received widespread acceptance as a phytotherapeutic agent due to its long history of safety and absence of adverse effects

Proteases: Importance, Immobilization Protocols, Potential of Activated Carbon as Support, and the Importance of Modifying Supports for Immobilization

“…Other multiple uses of these enzymes are tanning and hair removal in the leather industries, the textile and wool industries, and cosmetic and detergent formulations. In addition, Bromelain has also been used in folk medicine as a wound healer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhea, and digestive aid [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Studying the Effectiveness of Bromelain Enzyme Extracted from Pineapple Against Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Cells

“…Bromelain is known as an active proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple stems and contains many endopeptidases and is extracted and purified through several methods [1] Bromelain is derived from the stalks of pineapples and is the most typical industrial source [ 2] although it is found in all parts of the pineapple. Bromelain is produced commercially from pineapples through a series of procedures that include extraction, purification, drying, and powder packing [3]. Isolation and purification require the most expensive materials and activities, or are extremely timeconsuming [4] Discovery of the molecular weight range of bromelain stem to be 26 -37 kDa, with an ideal pH range of 4 -5 and a temperature range of 20 -60 °C [5] while it is used commercially in a variety of industries including food, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and textiles as mentioned [3] bromelain has proven to have soothing effects on shaving wounds and is able to reduce the severity of blemishes on the skin [6] immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant [3] Bromelain has also been used as a folk remedy, wound healer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer.…”

“…Bromelain is produced commercially from pineapples through a series of procedures that include extraction, purification, drying, and powder packing [3]. Isolation and purification require the most expensive materials and activities, or are extremely timeconsuming [4] Discovery of the molecular weight range of bromelain stem to be 26 -37 kDa, with an ideal pH range of 4 -5 and a temperature range of 20 -60 °C [5] while it is used commercially in a variety of industries including food, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and textiles as mentioned [3] bromelain has proven to have soothing effects on shaving wounds and is able to reduce the severity of blemishes on the skin [6] immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant [3] Bromelain has also been used as a folk remedy, wound healer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Studies have shown that Bromelain has anti-cancer effects [7] While bodies normally regulate cell proliferation and growth, disparities in the cell cycle can impair cell growth and turn a normal cell into a cancerous one bromelain has been found to induce apoptosis in mouse cutaneous papilloma's by upregulation of p53 and Bax, followed by caspase activation and decrease in Bcl-2, [8] apoptosis proteins such as Endo G IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012158 2 and caspases 3, 8, and 9 were found to be found in significant amounts in prom metabolite-treated rectal cancer ( CRC ) cells.…”

The Use of Bromelain Enzyme Extracted From Pineapple Crown as Anti-Browning in Apple Juice and Anti-Bacterial

“…Bromelain is a mix of proteolytic enzymes extracted from the parts of the pineapple plant through successive steps such as filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, and lyophilization (Nelson et al, 2022) which represent 60 % of the total commercial enzymes worldwide. Bromelain is one of the most important industrial enzymes (Feijoo & Villa, 2010) Bromelain is used in many medical applications.…”