A review on catalysts of biodiesel (methyl esters) production

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

“…In addition, transesterification has the enormous benefit of producing biodiesel within a very short time. Because it does not produce any byproducts, which are difficult to separate, it has the highest biodiesel output of any biodiesel manufacturing technique [39]. In addition to the biodiesel production method, the layout of the equipment, the process parameters, the reaction kinetics of the process, and the catalyst all have an impact on productivity and biodiesel yield.…”

“…The development of solid heterogeneous catalysts that exhibit extraordinary catalytic efficiency under operating reaction circumstances for the generation of biodiesel is therefore a continuing trend [38]. It is important to note that there are many issues with using heterogeneous catalysts, including difficult experimental procedures and reaction setups for catalyst synthesis, lengthy reaction times, swelling characteristics, leaching of active sites, pricey pretreatments, and low oil to biodiesel conversion rates [39]. These concerns drove scientists to create solid heterogeneous catalysts (biomass derived and green nanocatalysts) that are more effective, inexpensive and ecologically beneficial [40].…”

Esterification of fluorinated aromatic carboxylic acids with methanol by using UiO-66-NH2 as a heterogeneous catalyst and process optimization by the Taguchi method

“…5 The solid heterogeneous catalyst can overcome this disadvantage as they can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and can be reused for repeated experiments, as compared by Chopade et al 6 Many authors reported using heterogeneous catalysts in esterication/transesterication reactions. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Several heterogeneous catalysts such as zeolites, silicates, and metallic salts have been studied for esterication reactions, but MOF provides high selectivity as they are organic/ inorganic hybrids and show both organic and inorganic properties. The acidic and basic sites of UiO-66-NH 2 involved in the esterication reactions are well explained by Caratelli et al 12 while performing the Fisher esterication of carboxylic acids.…”

Developments in Titanium‐Based Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide Catalysts for Sustainable Biodiesel Production: A Review

“…In the transesterification process, the selection of suitable catalyst is the vital phase as it determines the cost of production and creates an economic viability [26,27] . Homogeneous catalysts are used in the biodiesel industries due to less energy consumption and simplicity.…”

“…[23][24][25] In the transesterification process, the selection of suitable catalyst is the vital phase as it determines the cost of production and creates an economic viability. [26,27] Homogeneous catalysts are used in the biodiesel industries due to less energy consumption and simplicity. The homogeneous catalysts suffer from a number of drawbacks as a result of the presence of fatty acids in the feedstock, including their singleuse nature, a slow reaction rate, and challenges with saponification.…”