A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa

Aasa, Adeola Oluwakemi; Fru, Felix F.; Adelusi, Oluwasola Abayomi; Oyeyinka, Samson A.; Njobeh, Patrick Berka

doi:10.3920/wmj2021.2766

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate a wide spectrum of essential foods worldwide, including staple crops consumed by the most vulnerable populations (1). Foodstuffs in West Africa are commonly affected by mycotoxins (2,3) since the climate, where there is high temperature and humidity, is favorable for their production (4,5). Maternal nutrition affects both the pregnancy’s process and the newborn’s well-being (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ochratoxin A status at birth is associated with reduced birthweight and ponderal index in rural Burkina Faso

Bastos-Moreira,

Argaw,

Di Palma

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes and poor infant growth. We assessed multiple biomarkers and metabolites of exposure to mycotoxins at birth and their associations with birth outcomes and infant growth in 274 newborns in rural Burkina Faso. Methods and findings: Whole blood microsamples were analyzed for mycotoxin concentrations in newborns in the Biospecimen sub-study nested in MISAME-III trial using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Unadjusted and adjusted associations between mycotoxin exposure, and birth outcomes and infant growth at 6 months were estimated using linear regression models for continuous outcomes and linear probability models with robust variance estimation for binary outcomes. Infant growth trajectories from birth to 6 months were compared by exposure status using mixed-effects models with random intercept for the individual infant and random slope for the age of the infant. Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure was detected in 38.3% of newborns, with other mycotoxins being detected in the range of 0.36% and 4.01%. OTA exposure was significantly associated with adverse birth outcomes, such as lower birthweight (β (95% CI): -0.11 kg (-0.21, 0.00); p = 0.042) and ponderal index ( β(95% CI): -0.62 gm/cm3 (-1.19, -0.05); p = 0.034), and a marginally significant lower height growth trajectories during the first 6 months (β(95% CI): -0.08 cm/mo (-0.15, 0.0); p = 0.057) . Conclusions: OTA exposure was prevalent among newborns and also associated with lower growth at birth and during the first 6 months. The results emphasize the importance of nutrition-sensitive strategies to mitigate dietary OTA, as well as adopting food safety measures in Burkina Faso during the fetal period of development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ochratoxin A status at birth is associated with reduced birthweight and ponderal index in rural Burkina Faso

Bastos-Moreira,

Argaw,

Di Palma

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In Egypt, it was observed that AFB1 and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) were both present in animal feedstuff ranging from 0.851 to 1.363 µg/kg [ 13 ]. Even, AFB1 concentrations of 1067 µg/kg have been reported in poultry feed in West Africa, highlighting the widespread presence of AFs in feed commodities [ 14 ]. In sub-Saharan Africa, poultry feeds were co-contaminated with more than 21 mycotoxins and/or metabolites [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Cytochrome P450-Related Interactions between Aflatoxin B1 and Tiamulin in Broiler Chickens

Sun,

Lootens,

Kabeta

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Poultry may face simultaneous exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and tiamulin (TIA), given mycotoxin contamination and antibiotic use. As both mycotoxins and antibiotics can affect cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), our study aimed to explore their interaction. We developed UHPLC-MS/MS methods for the first-time determination of the interaction between TIA and AFB1 in vitro and in vivo in broiler chickens. The inhibition assay showed the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of AFB1 and TIA in chicken liver microsomes are more than 7.6 μM, indicating an extremely weak inhibitory effect on hepatic enzymes. Nevertheless, the oral TIA pharmacokinetic results indicated that AFB1 significantly increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUClast) of TIA by 167% (p < 0.01). Additionally, the oral AFB1 pharmacokinetics revealed that TIA increased the AUClast and mean residence time (MRT) of AFB1 by 194% (p < 0.01) and 136%, respectively. These results suggested that the observed inhibition may be influenced by other factors, such as transport. Therefore, it is meaningful to further explore transport and other enzymes, involved in the interaction between AFB1 and TIA. Furthermore, additional clinical studies are necessary to thoroughly assess the safety of co-exposure with mycotoxins and antibiotics.

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“…In recent years, there has been an alarming increase in mycotoxin contamination, leading to a significant decline in the yield and quality of agricultural produce (Mahato et al 2021 ; Zhong et al 2018 ). Approximately 25% of the food output worldwide is contaminated by mycotoxins (Aasa et al 2022 ), necessitating the continuous demand to ensure the protection of human and animal health by combating mycotoxin exposure on a global scale. Patulin (PAT) is one of the most commonly isolated mycotoxins in apples and apple products (McKinley and Carlton 1980 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patulin alters alpha-adrenergic receptor signalling and induces epigenetic modifications in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice

Mazibuko,

Ghazi,

Chuturgoon

2024

Arch Toxicol

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Patulin (PAT) is a food-borne mycotoxin produced by Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. It is widely known for its mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic effects and has been associated with kidney injury; however, the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a study to explore the changes in α-adrenergic receptor signalling pathways and epigenetic modifications induced by PAT in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice during acute (1 day) and prolonged (10 days) exposure. The mice (20–22 g) were orally administered PAT (2.5 mg/kg; at 1 and 10 days), and post-treatment, the kidneys were harvested, homogenised and extracted for RNA, DNA, and protein. The relative gene expression of the α-adrenergic receptors (ADRA1, ADRA2A, ADRA2B) and associated signalling pathways (MAPK, MAPK14, ERK, PI3K, and AKT) was assessed by qPCR. The protein expression of ERK1/2 and MAPK was determined by western blot. The impact of PAT on DNA methylation was evaluated by quantifying global DNA methylation; qPCR was used to determine gene expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) and demethylase (MBD2). PAT downregulated the expression of ADRA1, ADRA2A, ADRA2B, PI3K, and AKT and upregulated ERK1/2 and MAPK protein expression. Furthermore, PAT induced alterations in DNA methylation patterns by upregulating DNMT1 and MBD2 expressions and downregulating DNMT3A and DNMT3B expressions, resulting in global DNA hypomethylation. In conclusion, PAT disrupts α-1 and α-2 adrenergic receptor signalling pathways and induces epigenetic modifications, that can lead to kidney injury.

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A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa

Cited by 13 publications

References 130 publications

Ochratoxin A status at birth is associated with reduced birthweight and ponderal index in rural Burkina Faso

Ochratoxin A status at birth is associated with reduced birthweight and ponderal index in rural Burkina Faso

Exploration of Cytochrome P450-Related Interactions between Aflatoxin B1 and Tiamulin in Broiler Chickens

Patulin alters alpha-adrenergic receptor signalling and induces epigenetic modifications in the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice

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