A review of torrefaction of oil palm solid wastes for biofuel production

Sukiran, Mohamad Azri; Abnisa, Faisal; Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan; Nasrin, Abu Bakar; Loh, Soh Kheang

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.07.011

Cited by 224 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…The untreated PKS sample was dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 h for rendering moisture-free and finally stored in an air-tight container until the experiments and analyses were carried out. The pre-drying is needed to avoid further biodegradation of the sample through storage since the moisture mass fraction of the raw PKS is relatively high [33]. Moreover, the pre-drying is used to simulate the industrial practice of sun-drying the materials before storage [6].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell via Microwave Irradiation

Ahmad¹,

Ishak²,

Kasim³

et al. 2019

Biofuels - Challenges and Opportunities

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This study describes the characteristic and thermal properties of torrefied palm kernel shell (PKS) by microwave irradiation pretreatment. The microwave power level (200, 300, 450, and 600 W) and processing time (4, 8, and 12 min) were used in this study. The pretreated samples were analyzed for mass and energy yield, calorific value, proximate and elemental composition, and thermal decomposition. Results showed that the characteristic of pretreated PKS was enhanced by increasing the microwave power level and processing the time. The oxygen content and O/C ratio of torrefied PKS were reduced by increasing the microwave power level. The carbon content of pretreated PKS, which was closed to the untreated MB coal properties with comparable calorific value, was obtained. The microwave power level of 450 W and processing time of 8 min were suitable to upgrade the PKS to a respectable quality feedstock. Thus, it can be concluded that the alteration in physical, chemical, and thermal properties of torrefied PKS discovered the potential of this feedstock to be applied in subsequent thermochemical conversion such as pyrolysis and gasification.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell via Microwave Irradiation

Ahmad¹,

Ishak²,

Kasim³

et al. 2019

Biofuels - Challenges and Opportunities

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“…The OPF are available throughout the year as they are regularly cut due to ripe fruit bunches during the harvesting; meanwhile, the OPT are generated during replanting in the plantation every 25 to 30 years due to decease fruit and oil yields. The shredded OPF are sometimes used for ruminant feed while 40% of OPT are sold to the wood industry for making medium density fibre board, plywood and furniture [32]. The remaining OPF are decomposed for soil fertilization and erosion control.…”

Section: Availability and Energy Potential From Oil Palm Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Biomass Residues and Municipal Solid Waste by Hydrothermal Treatment for Electrical Power Generation in Malaysia: A Review

2019

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Malaysia generated 156,665 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity in 2016 of which the biggest share of 48.4% was sourced from coal and coke. Malaysia coal consumption was met by 90.5% of imported coal due to high demand from the power sector. Malaysia also has a vast biomass resource that is currently under-utilised for electricity generation. This paper reviews the potential of oil palm residues and municipal solid waste (MSW) for alternative coal replacement employing hydrothermal treatment (HTT). In 2017, about 51.19 million tonnes (Mt) of oil palm waste was available with 888.33 peta-joule (PJ) energy potential to generate 88.03 terawatt-hours (TWh) electricity from oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT), empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fibre (MF), palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). Meanwhile, the MSW energy potential and electricity generation potential was estimated at 86.50 PJ/year and 8.57 TWh/year, respectively. HTT with washing co-treatment eliminates the use of drying for converting range of biomass and MSW into clean solid fuel known as hydrochar. The hydrochar increased in caloric value with lower moisture, Potassium (K) and Chlorine (Cl) contents. These value-added fuels can be used as coal alternative and reduce dependency on imported coal for energy security in Malaysia.

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“…However, other crops are also prominent, such as wheat, cassava, rice, banana, and oil palm. Processing these crops generates large amounts of solid residues, including in‐field or agricultural residues (straw, leaves, and foliage) and agro‐industrial processing residues (bagasse, bunches, and shells) with diverse composition and volume (Table ) …”

Section: The Agro‐industrial Residues In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignocellulosic biomass from agro‐industrial residues in South America: current developments and perspectives

Magalhães

Carvalho

Pereira

et al. 2019

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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South America is a pivotal supplier of agricultural commodities for a growing world population. This large-scale production generates a substantial amount of lignocellulosic residue. Inadequate disposal of this material can lead to putrefaction and leaching, and can attract insects and rodents. Solid residues can be treated by incineration or composting -both causing greenhouse gas emissions. Biotransformation of lignocellulosic residues into valuable products has been proposed as a more sophisticated alternative to burning. However, pretreatment steps are necessary to obtain fermentable sugars for biological or thermochemical transformation into value-added products. In this review, we noted trends in lignocellulosic biomass generation and potential uses, with special attention to the procedures necessary for the generation of fermented products and bio-oil. This survey pointed out that sugarcane bagasse, cereal straws, bananas, and oil-palm biomass can generate about 900 million tonnes of biomass by 2025. Based on production data from several researchers it was estimated that these raw materials have the potential for annual production of more than 550 million tonnes of fermentable sugars (i.e., glucose and xylose), 670 million tonnes of bio-oil, or 4000 TWh of thermal energy. We describe procedures and strategies for the conversion of these residues to produce higher value-added biomolecules and to promote more sustainable application of lignocellulosic biomass

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A review of torrefaction of oil palm solid wastes for biofuel production

Cited by 224 publications

References 94 publications

Properties of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell via Microwave Irradiation

Properties of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell via Microwave Irradiation

Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Biomass Residues and Municipal Solid Waste by Hydrothermal Treatment for Electrical Power Generation in Malaysia: A Review

Lignocellulosic biomass from agro‐industrial residues in South America: current developments and perspectives

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