A review of the water-energy nexus

Hamiche, Ait Mimoune; Stambouli, A. Boudghène; Flazi, S.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.020

Cited by 313 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Summarily, coal and natural gas-fired electricity utilities correspond to lower operation cost; hydro, wind, and solar electricity utilities are associated with higher cost since their availability and stability concerns the authorities; nuclear electricity is also produced at a high cost partly due to the high investment for guaranteeing safety. Table 2 lists energy-water nexus related data [38]. Summarily, energy-water nexus includes: (i) water for electricity generation (mainly for cooling systems); (ii) groundwater and surface water extractions, bulk water (surface water groundwater, and recycled water) transfers, retail water distribution, wastewater collection, and wastewater treatment all need a certain amount of electricity [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Interval Fuzzy-Stochastic Chance-Constrained Programming Based Energy-Water Nexus Model for Planning Electric Power Systems

Liu

Huang

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:In this study, an interval fuzzy-stochastic chance-constrained programming based energy-water nexus (IFSCP-WEN) model is developed for planning electric power system (EPS). The IFSCP-WEN model can tackle uncertainties expressed as possibility and probability distributions, as well as interval values. Different credibility (i.e., γ) levels and probability (i.e., q i ) levels are set to reflect relationships among water supply, electricity generation, system cost, and constraint-violation risk. Results reveal that different γ and q i levels can lead to a changed system cost, imported electricity, electricity generation, and water supply. Results also disclose that the study EPS would tend to the transition from coal-dominated into clean energy-dominated. Gas-fired would be the main electric utility to supply electricity at the end of the planning horizon, occupying [28.47, 30.34]% (where 28.47% and 30.34% present the lower bound and the upper bound of interval value, respectively) of the total electricity generation. Correspondingly, water allocated to gas-fired would reach the highest, occupying [33.92, 34.72]% of total water supply. Surface water would be the main water source, accounting for more than [40.96, 43.44]% of the total water supply. The ratio of recycled water to total water supply would increase by about [11.37, 14.85]%. Results of the IFSCP-WEN model present its potential for sustainable EPS planning by co-optimizing energy and water resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Interval Fuzzy-Stochastic Chance-Constrained Programming Based Energy-Water Nexus Model for Planning Electric Power Systems

Liu

Huang

et al. 2017

Energies

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“…In 2014, there were 9 countries that exported virtual water of more than 1 million m 3 to China by the international coal trade. The top five countries were Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Mongolia, and Korea, and the total exported was approximately 238.1 million m 3 . From the oil trade, China gained approximately 1069.8 million m 3 of virtual water from more than 30 countries in 2014.…”

Section: External Dependency Based On Water and Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy and water resources are tightly interlinked, and they are both vital to the economic and social development of human beings [1][2][3]. Almost every stage of the energy supply chain requires water consumption, such as the extraction, processing, and power generation of coal, oil, and gas [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Use of Fossil Energy Production and Supply in China

Lin

Jiang²,

Duan³

et al. 2017

Water

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Fossil energy and water resources are both important for economic and social development in China, and they are tightly interlinked. Fossil energy production consumes large amounts of water, and it is essential to investigate the water footprint of fossil energy production (WFEP) in China. In addition, fossil energy is supplied to consumers in China by both domestic and foreign producers, and understanding the water footprint of fossil energy supply (WFES) is also highly significant for water and energy development programs in the long-term. The objectives of this paper were to provide an estimation of the blue component of WFEP and WFES in China for the period from 2001 to 2014, and to evaluate the impact on water resources from energy production, the contribution of internal and external WFES, and water-energy related issues of the international energy trade by applying water footprint analysis based on the bottom-up approach. The results indicate that generally, the WFEP and WFES in China both maintained steady growth before 2013, with the WFEP increasing from approximately 3900 million m 3 /year to 10,400 million m 3 /year, while the WFES grew from 3900 million m 3 /year to 11,600 million m 3 /year. The fossil energy production caps of the 13th Five Year Plan can bring the water consumed for fossil energy production back to a sustainable level. Over the long-term, China's energy trade plan should also consider the water and energy resources of the countries from which fossil energy is imported.

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“…Direct (at the energy utility) and indirect (throughout the whole energy supply chain) uses of water for electricity production have been shown to be significant, not only on local but also on, regional continental and global scale (Destouni et al, 2013;Jaramillo and Destouni, 2015). The water-energy nexus has also been increasingly studied in the past decade (among many others: Hamiche et al, 2016;Hussey and Pittock, 2012;Bazilian et al, 2011;Scott et al, 2011). The ability to accurately assess both direct-local and indirect-remote interactions of water and energy uses will only increase in importance as local actors move towards implementing the SDGs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water impacts and water-climate goal conflicts of local energy choices – notes from a Swedish perspective

2018

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Abstract. To meet both the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), nations, sectors, counties and cities need to move towards a sustainable energy system in the next couple of decades. Such energy system transformations will impact water resources to varying extents, depending on the transformation strategy and fuel choices. Sweden is considered to be one of the most advanced countries towards meeting the SDGs. This paper explores the geographical origin of and the current water use associated with the supply of energy in the 21 regional counties of Sweden. These energy-related uses of water represent indirect, but still relevant, impacts for water management and the related SDG on clean water and sanitation (SDG 6). These indirect water impacts are here quantified and compared to reported quantifications of direct local water use, as well as to reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as one example of other types of environmental impacts of local energy choices in each county. For each county, an accounting model is set up based on data for the local energy use in year 2010, and the specific geographical origins and water use associated with these locally used energy carriers (fuels, heat and electricity) are further estimated and mapped based on data reported in the literature and open databases. Results show that most of the water use associated with the local Swedish energy use occurs outside of Sweden. Counties with large shares of liquid biofuel exhibit the largest associated indirect water use in regions outside of Sweden. This indirect water use for energy supply does not unambiguously correlate with either the local direct water use or the local GHG emissions, although for the latter, there is a tendency towards an inverse relation. Overall, the results imply that actions for mitigation of climate change by local energy choices may significantly affect water resources elsewhere. Swedish counties are thus important examples of localities with large geographic zones of water influence due to their local energy choices, which may compromise water security and the possibility to meet water-related global goals in other world regions.

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A review of the water-energy nexus

Cited by 313 publications

References 7 publications

An Interval Fuzzy-Stochastic Chance-Constrained Programming Based Energy-Water Nexus Model for Planning Electric Power Systems

An Interval Fuzzy-Stochastic Chance-Constrained Programming Based Energy-Water Nexus Model for Planning Electric Power Systems

Water Use of Fossil Energy Production and Supply in China

Water impacts and water-climate goal conflicts of local energy choices – notes from a Swedish perspective

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