A review of the taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution and co-evolution of Schistonchus Cobb, 1927 with proposal of Ficophagus n. gen. and Martininema n. gen. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

Davies, Kerrie A.; Ye, Weimin; Kanzaki, Natsumi; Bartholomaeus, Faerlie; Zeng, Yongsan; Giblin-Davis, Robin M.

doi:10.1163/15685411-00002907

Cited by 48 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…However, no differences in nematode abundance were found between male and female figs of F. hispida , which implies that nematode development is not reliant on fig wasp presence because no fig wasps develop in female figs. Over 10 lineages of nematodes have been reported to be associated with figs, some of them are thought derived from fungal feeders (Davies et al, ), others are plant parasites (Davies et al, ), bacterial feeders (Kanzaki et al, ), or entomophagous (Herre, ; Ramírez‐Benavides & Salazar‐Figueroa, ; Van Goor et al, ). Ficophagus and Martininema nematodes were included in these new genera after being split from Schistonchus (Davies et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the nematodes did not hinder the capacity of fig wasps to carry pollen and eggs. It has been hypothesized that phoretic nematodes have detrimental effects on fig wasps by reducing pollen or egg loads (Davies et al, ). Our results do not support this hypothesis, possibly because the pollinating fig wasps are pro‐ovigenic, with egg number likely being determined during development rather than in the adult stage (Elias et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ficus hispida is pollinated by Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr in Xishuangbanna (Peng et al, ). The plant‐parasitic nematodes Ficophagus centerae (Zeng et al) and Martininema guangzhouensis (Zeng et al) were found in the figs of F. hispida (Zeng et al, ; Davies et al, ). However, in our study M. guangzhouensis is the dominant species and F. centerae is rare, making up only 0.5% of the nematode records.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and three Martininema spp. have been described (Davies et al, , a,b). Another genus, Parasitodiplogaster , is thought to consist of fig‐wasp‐parasitic nematodes (Ramirez, ; Herre, , ; Giblin‐Davis et al, ; Van Goor et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are nematodes costly to fig tree–fig wasp mutualists?

Shi

Miao

Segar

et al. 2019

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Most mutualisms are exploited by parasites, which must strike an evolutionary balance between virulence and long‐term persistence. Fig‐associated nematodes, living inside figs and dispersed by fig wasps, are thought to be exploiters of the fig–fig wasp mutualism. The life history of nematodes is synchronized with the fig development and adapted to particular developmental characteristics of figs. We expect host breeding systems (monoecious vs. gynodioecious figs) and seasonality to be central to this adaptation. However, the details of the adaptation are largely unknown. Here, we conducted the first field surveys on the prevalence of nematodes from monoecious Ficus microcarpa L.f. (Moraceae), gynodioecious Ficus hispida L.f., and their pollinating fig wasps in two seasons and two developmental stages of figs in Xishuangbanna, China. We followed this up by quantifying the effects of nematodes on fitness‐related traits on fig wasps (e.g., egg loads, pollen grains, and longevity) and fig trees (seed production) in gynodioecious F. hispida. The magnitude of nematode infection was compared between pre‐ and post‐dispersal pollinators to quantify the probability of nematodes being transported to new hosts. Our results showed that Ficophagus microcarpus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) was the only nematode in F. microcarpa. In F. hispida, Martininema guangzhouensis (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) was the dominant nematode species, whereas Ficophagus centerae was rare. For both species of Ficus, rainy season and inter‐floral figs had higher rates of nematode infection than the dry‐hot season and receptive figs. Nematodes did not affect the number of pollen grains or egg loads of female wasps. We did not detect a correlation between seed production and nematode infection. However, carrying nematodes reduced the lifespan and dispersal ability of pollinator wasps, indicating higher rates of post‐emergence mortality in infected fig wasps. Severely infected fig wasps were likely ‘filtered out’, preventing the overexploitation of figs by wasps and stabilizing the interaction over evolutionary time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Are nematodes costly to fig tree–fig wasp mutualists?

Shi

Miao

Segar

et al. 2019

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Development of cryptic species of Fergusobia on, e.g., hybrids of host and nonhost Myrtaceae species, could have had a role in the development of diversity in the genus. Comparison with the aphelenchoidid nematodes associated with fig sycones (Kanzaki et al, 2014;Davies et al, 2015) is relevant here, where four genetically diverse groups of nematodes independently invaded sycones but have apparently converged morphologically due to the common selection pressures operating on them within the fruits (Kanzaki et al, 2014). Cryptic species of the marine bacterivore nematodes Litoditis marina have differences in their respective associated microbiomes, different feeding strategies and high inter-individual variability (Derycke et al, 2016).…”

Section: Cryptic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galling problems – the Fergusobia nematode/Fergusonina fly mutualism on myrtaceous hosts

Davies

Taylor

et al. 2016

Nematol

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Fergusobia (Sphaerularioidea, Tylenchida) is the only known nematode to have a dicyclic life cycle with a generation in a plant (a myrtaceous host) followed by one in an insect (a Fergusonina fly: Diptera, Fergusoninidae). The nematode and fly have a mutualistic association, with the nematode inducing a plant gall on which the fly feeds and develops, and the fly providing transport for the nematode. The life cycle, specificity, diversity and distribution of the nematode are described, and the nematode phylogeny is discussed. Fergusobia is monophyletic but its origins are unclear. This paper raises questions about Fergusobia, including: what model best accounts for evolution of the known diversity of the nematode/fly mutualism?; how are the nematode/fly life cycles coordinated?; how do the nematodes avoid resistance mechanisms of both flies and plants?; what cecidogenic processes does the nematode use?; and what is the form of parthenogenesis occurring in Fergusobia and how does it relate to the inheritance of variability? Given the models of genomes and transcriptomes now available for other plant-parasitic nematodes and the availability of technologies to examine Fergusobia, it should be possible to answer some of these questions and begin to understand how Fergusobia nematodes might have evolved.larva and a number of associated nematodes. This was the first report of a nematode from galls on myrtaceous plants. Later, the nematode was described by G.A. Currie in the new genus Fergusobia and specimens from Eucalyptus stuartiana (now E. bridgesiana) were described as F . tumifaciens (Currie, 1937). Currie found males and parthenogenetic females, but the infective pre-parasitic female was not recognised until John Fisher made an ex-

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Current Status of Entomophilic Nematode Survey in Japan

Kanzaki

2016

Species Diversity of Animals in Japan

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A review of the taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution and co-evolution of Schistonchus Cobb, 1927 with proposal of Ficophagus n. gen. and Martininema n. gen. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

Cited by 48 publications

References 90 publications

Are nematodes costly to fig tree–fig wasp mutualists?

Are nematodes costly to fig tree–fig wasp mutualists?

Galling problems – the Fergusobia nematode/Fergusonina fly mutualism on myrtaceous hosts

Current Status of Entomophilic Nematode Survey in Japan

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