“…Transportation infrastructures represented by railways and roads contribute greatly to economic development. The characteristics of granular material including ballast and aggregates, concrete, asphalt, steel, and so on, as well as their interactions, directly affect the mechanical properties and service performance of transportation infrastructure [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The problems related to the use of seamed tracks especially on small-radius curves have become progressively more serious, comprising joint deterioration, train swaying, elevated maintenance expenses, and jeopardized running safety.…”