A review of the state of research on bridge pier scour under combined action of waves and current

Physics-based and machine-learning models for accurate scour depth prediction

“…This increase in the flow velocity generates greater turbulence in the vicinity of circular monopile, leading to the formation of additional eddy currents and streamlines [44][45][46][47]. Consequently, this augmented turbulence and increased streamlines result in a faster movement of bed particles, ultimately leading to a deeper scour hole formation nearer to the circular monopiles [9,48]. For the prediction of normalized scour depth (S/D) under the current only condition and coupled waves and current environment, 265 datasets were collected from previously reported numerical and experimental literature [13,19,21,22,25,49,50].…”

“…This increase in the flow velocity generates greater turbulence in the vicinity of circular monopile, leading to the formation of additional eddy currents and streamlines [44–47]. Consequently, this augmented turbulence and increased streamlines result in a faster movement of bed particles, ultimately leading to a deeper scour hole formation nearer to the circular monopiles [9,48].…”

“…The proximity of the scour hole to the foundations diminishes the embedded depth by removing the soil around it. Consequently, this reduction adversely impacts the stability and reduces the bearing capacity of the foundations, leading to the failure of the superstructure [9]. A study done by Lin et al .…”

“…The proximity of the scour hole to the foundations diminishes the embedded depth by removing the soil around it. Consequently, this reduction adversely impacts the stability and reduces the bearing capacity of the foundations, leading to the failure of the superstructure [9]. A study done by Lin et al [10] analysed the failure of 36 historical bridges due to the formation of local scour, channel migration and contraction scour including their modes of failure and structural conditions.…”

“…In the case of co-directional waves and current, the velocity on the side of the foundation that faces the waves significantly increases compared with the opposite side of the pier. These differences in velocities create a large pressure gradient, increasing the depth of the scour hole [9]. In the case of offshore wind turbines, scouring around the foundations often occurs due to the combined impact of waves and current [6].…”