The effect of three‐dimensional wave‐induced streaming on the seabed boundary layer is investigated for following and opposing waves and current where the wave propagation forms a nonzero angle with the current. It is shown that the seabed boundary layer flow results from an interaction between the classical wave‐current interaction (reducing the mean velocity relative to current alone), Longuet‐Higgins streaming (forcing the flow in the wave propagation direction), and streaming caused by turbulence asymmetry in successive wave half‐cycles (forcing the flow against the wave propagation direction). For waves and current which are not colinear, the mean velocity profile exhibits a veering behavior which is strongly affected by streaming, particularly for the most wave‐dominated situations. The effect of streaming on the boundary layer flow has been investigated for different wave‐current conditions and bottom roughnesses. Visualizations are given by mean Eulerian and Lagrangian velocity profiles, as well as three‐dimensional seabed boundary layer particle trajectories. The effect of streaming decreases as the flow becomes more current dominated. The mean velocity in the current direction decreases as the roughness increases. However, the mean velocity orthogonal to the current direction increases as the roughness increases due to the lack of wave‐current interaction in this direction. An excellent agreement between the predicted and recently measured velocity profiles beneath horizontally uniform asymmetric forcing is obtained.

Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations are performed to investigate free surface waves past two semi-submerged horizontal circular cylinders in tandem.The 2D simulations are carried out by solving the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations with the k-ω turbulence model. The level set method is employed to model the free-surface waves. Validation studies of a numerical wave tank have been performed by comparing the numerical simulations with free-surface waves past a partially-submerged horizontal cylinder with the published experimental data under regular-wave and deep water conditions. Cases with different submerged depths of the cylinder and incident wave properties have been studied. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental measurement in terms of hydrodynamic forces. Subsequently, free surface waves past two semi-submerged horizontal cylinders in tandem are computed numerically. The effect of spacing between the two cylinders is inves-

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A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to calculate the scour and the deposition pattern around a pier for two different boundary conditions: constant discharge and regular waves. The CFD model solves Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations in all three dimensions. The location of the free-surface is represented using the level-set method (LSM), which calculates the complex motion of the free-surface in a very realistic manner. For the implementation of waves, the CFD code is used as a numerical wave tank. For the geometric representation of the moveable sediment bed, the LSM is used. The numerical results for the local scour prediction are compared with physical experiments. The decoupling of the hydrodynamic and the morphodynamic time step is tested and found to be a reasonable assumption. For the two situations of local pier scour under current and wave conditions, the numerical model predicts the general evolution (geometry, location, and maximum scour depth) and time development of the scour hole accurately.

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In this review article, the current status of research on pier scour under waves is presented. This includes a summary of different bridge failure events due to scour, scour mechanism, scour depth predictors under waves, influence of pier shape on scour depth formation, shape of scour hole around piers, and many others. Further, this article describes the scour process, development of scour depth predictors, and the complexity involved in the scour related calculations. Finally, the future scope of research is delineated.