A Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: A Focus on Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Zurek, Ashley M.; Yendapally, Raghunandan; Urteaga, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.2337/ds16-0030

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…As such, recent guidelines recommend them as the preferential add-on therapy to metformin in patients with or at high risk for cardiovascular events [10] or the first-choice treatment in patients naïve to the treatment with metformin [4]. However, the use of these drugs was linked with the occurrence of some side effects, i.e., nausea and vomiting are the most common adverse effects reported with GLP1-RA, especially in the initial phase of the treatment [11], whereas an increase in urogenital infections with mild/moderate symptoms has been observed among SGLT-I users [12]. Because the side effects, as well as other factors (including demographic characteristics, clinical factors, administration route of the therapy, costs, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing medication persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes using sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in real-world setting

Rea

Ciardullo

Savaré

et al. 2021

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing medication persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes using sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in real-world setting

Rea

Ciardullo

Savaré

et al. 2021

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

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“…CANA was approved in 2013 by the FDA following the results of the CANagliflozin Treatment and Trial Analysis (CANTATA) studies. Significant reduction in HBA1c and weight was demonstrated regardless of CANA use in monotherapy or as a second- or third-line agent [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Canagliflozinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CANA, DAPA, and EMPA can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs such as MET and insulin. Currently, these are only approved for patients with T2DM; more trials are needed for T1DM [ 43 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure—A Concise Review

Keller

Ahmed

Tariq

et al. 2022

JCM

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The incidence of both diabetes mellitus type 2 and heart failure is rapidly growing, and the diseases often coexist. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new antidiabetic drug class that mediates epithelial glucose transport at the renal proximal tubules, inhibiting glucose absorption—resulting in glycosuria—and therefore improving glycemic control. Recent trials have proven that SGLT2i also improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes, including reduced cardiovascular mortality and fewer hospitalizations for heart failure. Reduced preload and afterload, improved vascular function, and changes in tissue sodium and calcium handling may also play a role. The expected paradigm shift in treatment strategies was reflected in the most recent 2021 guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology, recommending dapagliflozin and empagliflozin as first-line treatment for heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Moreover, the recent results of the EMPEROR-Preserved trial regarding empagliflozin give us hope that there is finally an effective treatment for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of these new anti-glycemic oral agents in the management of diabetic and heart failure patients.

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“…Furthermore, the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality for the type 2 diabetes patients is due to cardiovascular diseases [ 1 , 2 ]. Sodium glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are cutting edge class of drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes proposing an original insulin-independent mechanism for refining the blood glucose levels [ 3 , 4 ]. Empagliflozin (EFN) is one of the highly specific SGLT2i that induces glycosuria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Spectrofluorometric Bioanalysis of Empagliflozin in Rats’ Plasma

Ayoub

Zahar

Michel

et al. 2021

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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A simple, economic, green, and sensitive bioanalytical method for empagliflozin bioassay in rats’ plasma was employed successfully owing to the empagliflozin native fluorescence behavior. Enhanced liquid-liquid extraction, using diethyl ether (DEE), was successfully employed for the improved extraction of empagliflozin from rats’ plasma based on its high value of logP as 1.8 that boosted the drug migration from plasma to the organic layer. The relative fluorescence intensity for empagliflozin was recorded at emission (299.4 nm) after excitation at 226.5 nm. The method was validated with satisfactory results for linearity (500–5000 ng/mL), trueness, precision, the matrix effect, and extraction recovery. The matrix effect ranged between 15.63% and 23.10% for LQC and HQC samples, respectively. Extraction recovery ranged between 54.61% and 62.54% for LQC and HQC samples, respectively. Bias values for the trueness ranged between −10.62 and +14.95, while %RSD values for the precision ranged between 5.39% and 9.33%. The method was successfully applied to rats’ plasma samples that included six rats, and the drug concentration was determined in their plasma after 1 hour (estimated Cmax based on literature) following oral administration of empagliflozin with a concentration of 10 mg/Kg, p.o.. The developed cost-effective spectrofluorimetric method in the present work will be of beneficial use in further pharmacokinetic studies that include rats’ plasma and biological fluids. Moreover, with the suitable modifications, the described novel extraction of empagliflozin could be adopted to human plasma samples and future clinical studies. Moreover, development of new simple cost-effective methods is necessary to give the researchers a set of “varieties” that they can use according to the laboratory limitations, especially in the developing countries in addition of being a greener method due to the lower consumption of toxic solvents and lower waste production.

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A Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: A Focus on Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

Comparing medication persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes using sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in real-world setting

Comparing medication persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes using sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in real-world setting

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure—A Concise Review

Economic Spectrofluorometric Bioanalysis of Empagliflozin in Rats’ Plasma

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