A Review of the Effects of Physical Activity (PA) on Bone Density: Relying on Iranian Studies

Abstract

: Osteoporosis is one of the most important problems associated with aging. Genetic and environmental agents affect the process of reducing bone mineral density (BMD). As environmental agents, mechanical load (something which exerts an opposing force on the system; hence system needs more power to perform that work) is the important factor, which affects BMD. Studies show that a variety of exercise programs, depending on the amount of mechanical load they apply to the bone, activate the signaling pathways involved in the process of osteoblast activation and reduce osteoclast activity. The effect of physical activity (PA) on BMD is a function of the intensity, duration, and type of program used. Although the existing literature shows that regular PA increases BMD and subsequently develops its strength, there are conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of exercise programs that confirm the need for further study in this area.

What is the Physical Fitness Level of Basketball Extracurricular Participants? Investigation of Bengkulu State Middle School 14 Students

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Managing Early Onset Osteoporosis: The Impact of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency on Bone Health

“…A variety of lifestyle factors have been linked to PBM, including physical activity, calcium and vitamin D intake among other dietary components, smoking, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, age at menarche, and many other secondary causes [ 13 ]. Physical activity, for instance, increases bone mineral mass accumulation in both children and adolescents when force applied on the skeletal structure stimulates intracellular processes in bone tissue and mineral deposition in the bone, resulting in an increased BMD [ 14 ]. Vitamin D also plays a crucial role in bone mineral mass gain, with early supplementation proving to be beneficial in improving areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in later childhood [ 15 ].…”