A review of the current status of graphitic carbon nitride

Rono, Nicholas; Kibet, Joshua K.; Martincigh, Bice S.; Nyamori, Vincent O.

doi:10.1080/10408436.2019.1709414

Cited by 194 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…Since the discovery of g-C 3 N 4 by Wang et al [225] as a promising visible light photocatalyst for the evolution of H 2 , much effort has been directed towards its synthesis. g-C 3 N 4 can be prepared by thermal polymerization using the following precursors based on different reaction conditions and differences in the material degrees of condensation; cyanamide, dicyandiamide, melamine, urea, thiourea and ammonium thiocyanate [227][228][229]. g-C 3 N 4 has a low energy band gap between 2.7 and 2.8 eV as a result of the presence of sp 2 -hybridized carbon and nitrogen forming the π-conjugated electronic structure, possess excellent chemical stability, does not dissolve in acid, alkali or organic solvents making it to be environmentally friendly material [229,230].…”

Section: The Use Of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (G-c 3 N 4 ) As An Efficmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and wastewater: a review of treatment processes and use of photocatalyst immobilized on functionalized carbon in AOP degradation

2020

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The presence of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products in many aqueous matrices have been reported. One of such matrix is streams of wastewater, including wastewater treatment plants inflows and outflows and wastewater flow by-passing wastewater treatment plants. Their persistence arises from their resistant to breakdown, hence they may remain in the environment over long time, with a potential to cause adverse effects including endocrine disruption, gene toxicity, the imposition of sex organs, antibiotic resistance and many others in some aquatic organisms exposed to arrays of residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products. Among the treatment techniques, advanced oxidation processes have been reported to be a better technique through which these PPCPs can be degraded in the WWTPs. Heterogeneous photocatalysis using various photocatalyst immobilized on solid support such as activated carbon, graphene and carbon nanotubes in AOPs have been shown to be a viable and efficient method of PPCPs degradation. This is because, the performance of most WWTPs is limited since they were not designed to degrade toxic and recalcitrant PPCPs. This review highlight the occurrence, concentration of PPCPs in wastewater and the removal efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysis of TiO2 immobilized on solid supports.

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Section: The Use Of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (G-c 3 N 4 ) As An Efficmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and wastewater: a review of treatment processes and use of photocatalyst immobilized on functionalized carbon in AOP degradation

2020

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“…Semiconductors for photochemical purposes, for example, for energy harvesting, water treatment and pollution degradation, usually suffer from sustainability and toxicity issues, taking lead or cadmium derivatives as an example. Considering this, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) as a metal‐free semiconductor is an alternative to be investigated, bringing advantages such as ease of handling, low cost, and low toxicity as well as showing a sufficient photocatalytic activity under visible light 1–6 . As a heterogeneous photocatalyst, it has been used in many applications such as water splitting, hydrogen evolution, CO 2 reduction and degradation of aqueous contaminants 3,7–10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) beads: Incorporation of organomodified metal‐free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride through suspension photopolymerization to generate photoactive resins

Esen

Antonietti

Kumru

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The inclusion of the metal free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) into polymer systems brings a variety of new options, for instance as a heterogeneous photoredox polymer initiator. In this context, we present here the decoration of the inner surface of poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) beads with organomodified g‐CN via one pot suspension photopolymerization. The resulting beads are varied by changing reaction parameters, such as, crosslinking ratio, presence of porogens, and mechanical agitation. The photocatalytic activity of so‐formed beads was tested by aqueous rhodamine B dye photodegradation experiments. Additionally, dye adsorption/desorption properties were examined in aqueous as well as in organic solvents. Photoinduced surface modification with vinylsulfonic acid and 4‐vinyl pyridine is introduced. Overall, metal‐free semiconductor g‐CN donates photoactivity to polymer networks that can be employed for dye photodegradation and acid–base catalyst transformation through facile photoinduced surface modifications.

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“…[ 81,82 ] For example, the incorporation of defects into g‐C 3 N 4 can increase its surface area, thereby improving both catalytic activity and charge transport phenomenon. [ 83,84 ] Niu et al. synthesized porous g‐C 3 N 4 with a large number of defects using a 5 minutes thermal treatment process in the air without the need for any additional reactants.…”

Section: Structural Modifications Of G‐c3n4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging tri‐s‐triazine‐based graphitic carbon nitride: A potential signal‐transducing nanostructured material for sensor applications

et al. 2020

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Today, tris‐s‐triazine based graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is a new research hot topic. It has a unique electronic band structure, high physicochemical stability, large surface area, and is “earth‐abundant.” These and other properties have made it a highly researched material especially for visible light photocatalysis and photodegradation applications and as the starting material from which to develop novel electrochemical sensing platforms. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art technologies utilizing tris‐s‐triazine graphitic carbon nitride as a tailorable signal‐transducing nanostructured material for sensing applications is presented in detail. Initially, the electronic structure of g‐C3N4, morphologies, doping, heterojunctions, its combination with other carbon materials, and defect formation, is described, which is followed by a discussion on its role in electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, fluorescence sensors and gas sensors as a signal transducer with appropriate examples. This review concludes with a discussion summarizing state‐of‐the‐art and both future perspectives and challenges at the cutting edge of this research.

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A review of the current status of graphitic carbon nitride

Cited by 194 publications

References 197 publications

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and wastewater: a review of treatment processes and use of photocatalyst immobilized on functionalized carbon in AOP degradation

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and wastewater: a review of treatment processes and use of photocatalyst immobilized on functionalized carbon in AOP degradation

Upgrading poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) beads: Incorporation of organomodified metal‐free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride through suspension photopolymerization to generate photoactive resins

Emerging tri‐s‐triazine‐based graphitic carbon nitride: A potential signal‐transducing nanostructured material for sensor applications

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