A Review of the Current Literature on Pleomorphic Adenoma

Abstract

Pleomorphic adenomas (PA) are the most common benign salivary gland tumors. They arise from the major salivary glands, as well as the minor salivary glands. They may arise rarely from the palate, oral cavity, neck, and nasal cavity also. Yet, the fourth, fifth, and sixth decades of life are the most common for them to manifest. Forty percent of them occur in males and 60% in females. It is a benign mixed tumor, which has three components: an epithelial component, a myoepithelial cell component, and a mesenchymal component. A fibrous capsule separates these cells from the surrounding tissues. It generally presents as a slowly progressing painless swelling, which is well-delineated, nonsymptomatic, and not involving the facial nerve. Salivary gland tumors can be accurately diagnosed before surgery using fine-needle aspiration (FNA), ultrasonography (USG), and computed tomography (CT) scan. Calponin, cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Mcl-2, metastasis suppressor gene (NM23), p63, S-100, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10) exhibit the majority of the positive reactions in pleomorphic adenomas. The diagnostic marker pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is frequently employed since it is specific for pleomorphic adenoma. Although benign, these epithelial tumors have a propensity to recur and undergo malignant transformation if incompletely excised, leading to increased morbidity in these patients. A review of the consensus guidelines and literature was conducted, and the online literature on the subject from 2002 was included. This article is not a complete review of all the available literature; rather, it is a comprehensive review of the topic.

Pleomorphic Adenoma of The Palate – A Case Report And Review

“…To confirm the final diagnosis, immunohistochemical markers such as p63, WT1, Mcl-2, Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), smooth muscle actin (SMA), S100, metastasis suppressor gene (NM23) and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10)were used. 16 According to Sharma et al, 39 patients observed that one patient had Frey syndrome and another few disrupted permanent facial nerves. 17 The treatment of pleomorphic adenoma is surgically excised.…”

Surgical management of a giant parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma in Northern Sri Lanka: A case report

“…Radiation exposure has been postulated as a well-known environmental risk factor. Also, there are some evidences suggesting that the oncogenic simian virus (SV40) could potentially contribute to onset or progression of pleomorphic adenoma [ 5 ]. This tumour has a female preponderance affecting middle-aged women between 30 and 50 years [ 6 ].…”

“…It usually presents as hard, uneven nodular swelling in the parotid region and usually asymptomatic with slow growing tendency without facial nerve involvement. However, if left untreated, they can grow into extensive sizes [ 5 , 7 , 8 ]. Approximately 6 % of PA tends to malignant transformation into Carcinoma Ex-pleomorphic adenoma, an aggressive tumour.…”