A review of the changes in nitrogenous compounds of herbage during ensilage

Ohshima, Mitsuaki; McDonald, P.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740290602

Cited by 188 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Such results have also been reported where many different microorganisms have been found to be responsible for aerobic deterioration (Ohshima and McDonald 1978, Crawshaw et al 1980, Woolford 1984. In our experiment the contents of yeasts in the raw material were an average of 3.9 x 10 5 cfu g -1 fresh weight and the contents of moulds were respectively 2.1 xlO 4 cfu g~'.…”

Section: Fungisupporting

confidence: 88%

The effect of inoculants and cellulase on the fermentation and microbiological composition of grass silage: II Microbiological changes in the silages

Rauramaa

Setälä

Moisio

et al. 1987

AFSci

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Abstract. Four experimental silages were made into bunker silos by adding lactic acid bacteria and cellulase enzyme. The control silages were made without any additives and with AIV II solution (80 % formic acid, 2°/o orthophosphoric acid). The microbial compositions of the experimental silages were studied in five microbial groups; (1) total count of bacteria, (2) lactic acid bacteria, (3) Clostridia, (4) coliform bacteria and (5) fungi (yeasts and moulds).At the beginning of the fermentations enteric bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were increasing. Inoculation of the silage decreased the growth of enterobacteria compared with silages made with cellulase or without additives. This effect was further increased by using AIV II solution. Heterolactic fermentations started in the silages made with cellulase, inoculants and no additives, when initial reducing sugars, primarily glucose and fructose, were fermented. In good ensiling conditions only a few butyric acid forming Clostridia and small amounts of moulds and yests were found. Yeasts existed mostly in silages made with cellulase and with inoculation.

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Section: Fungisupporting

confidence: 88%

The effect of inoculants and cellulase on the fermentation and microbiological composition of grass silage: II Microbiological changes in the silages

Rauramaa

Setälä

Moisio

et al. 1987

AFSci

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“…Therefore, fi ndings in this meta-analysis are interpreted with a good degree of reliability. Ammonia-N in silages results from protein breakdown by plant proteolytic enzymes or clostridial microorganisms (Ohshimaa and McDonald, 1978). An intensive clostridial action or a slow drop of pH in the silo can be responsible for producing silages with more than 12% ammonia-N concentration (Kung and Shaver, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia-N concentration in alfalfa silage and its effects on dairy cow performance: a meta-analysis

Duarte

Garcia

2017

Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu

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Concentración del nitrógeno amoniacal en el ensilaje de alfalfa y sus efectos sobre el desempeño de vacas lecheras: Meta-análisis Abstract Background: Ammonia nitrogen (N) in alfalfa silage is used to evaluate silage quality, but its eff ect on dairy cows production is unknown. Objective: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the eff ects of ammonia-N concentration in alfalfa silage on dairy cow performance. Methods: Thirty-four comparisons from 10 studies were analyzed with linear and quadratic models by the mixed-eff ect models of the R program using study as a random eff ect. The variance explained by the models was evaluated calculating marginal R 2 (m) and conditional R 2 (c) . Results: Dry matter intake declined (DMI; p = 0.007), and milk production and milk fat yield tended to decrease linearly in response to increasing ammonia-N concentration (p = 0.08). Milk fat and milk protein percentages were unaff ected. Milk protein yield, however, showed a positive linear trend eff ect (p = 0.07) along with a signifi cant quadratic eff ect (p = 0.01) in response to increasing ammonia-N concentration. Values of R 2 (m) and R 2 (c) indicated less variation for signifi cant models. Conclusion: Increased ammonia-N in alfalfa silage reduced DMI, negatively impacting milk production and milk fat yield. The quadratic response in milk protein yield might be explained by the initial reduction in milk production, and the subsequent utilization of ammonia-N to produce more rumen microbial protein, which results in more milk protein.

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“…At ensiling (0 d), HMC did not contain any appreciable quantity of NH 3 -N. However, the NH 3 -N concentrations increased steadily, without abatement, for 240 d for all HMC. In silages, NH 3 -N most often is defined as a product of bacterial deamination of amino acids, rather than a product of acid hydrolysis by silage VFA (Ohshima and McDonald, 1978). Similar to NH 3 -N, buffer SCP in HMC was not influenced by inoculation, but buffer SCP also increased steadily, without abatement, for the 240-d ensiling period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration of the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn

Hoffman

Esser

Shaver

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

184

185

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The fates of hydrophobic zein proteins, which encapsulate corn starch to create vitreous endosperm, have not been investigated in high-moisture corn (HMC). To assess influences of ensiling time and inoculation on zein proteins in HMC, quadruplicate samples of 2 random corn hybrids (A and B), containing 25.7 and 29.3% moisture, were ground, inoculated with (I) or without 600,000 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI), and ensiled for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d. Nutrient composition [crude protein (CP), starch, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], fermentation (pH, lactate, and acetate), and protein degradation markers (buffer-soluble CP, isopropanol-soluble CP, and NH3-N) were evaluated. At 0 and 240 d, α, γ, δ, and β zein subunits were profiled using HPLC. Data were evaluated as a split-split plot using the PROC MIXED procedures of SAS. Ensiling time and inoculation decreased pH, and altered lactate and acetate contents of HMC. Lactate and acetate contents of A, AI, B, and BI at 240 d were 0. 40, 0.32, 1.11, 0.73, and 0, 0.35, 0.30, and 0.87% of DM, respectively. Buffer-soluble CP in HMC increased from 1.5 to 2.0% of DM at 0 d to >4.0% of DM at 240 d. Inoculation had no effect on buffersoluble CP but increased NH3-N content of HMC. Corn A contained more isopropanol-soluble CP than did corn B and peak areas for 6 α, and all γ and δ zein regions were greater for corn A. Ensiling (0 vs. 240 d) decreased all zein subunits with the exception of 2 α and 1 δ subunit. Ensiling decreased (42.2-73.2%) γ zeins, which are primarily responsible for cross-linking in the starch-protein matrix. Despite altering lactate and acetate contents, inoculation had no effect on degrading hydrophobic zein proteins in HMC. Data suggest that hydrophobic zein proteins in the starch-protein matrix of HMC are degraded by proteolytic activity over an extended ensiling time. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. ABSTRACTThe fates of hydrophobic zein proteins, which encapsulate corn starch to create vitreous endosperm, have not been investigated in high-moisture corn (HMC). To assess influences of ensiling time and inoculation on zein proteins in HMC, quadruplicate samples of 2 random corn hybrids (A and B), containing 25.7 and 29.3% moisture, were ground, inoculated with (I) or without 600,000 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI), and ensiled for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d. Nutrient composition [crude protein (CP), starch, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], fermentation (pH, lactate, and acetate), and protein degradation markers (buffersoluble CP, isopropanol-soluble CP, and NH 3 -N) were evaluated. At 0 and 240 d, α, γ, δ, and β zein subunits were profiled using HPLC. Data were evaluated as a split-split plot using the PROC MIXED procedures of SAS. Ensiling time and inoculat...

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A review of the changes in nitrogenous compounds of herbage during ensilage

Cited by 188 publications

References 39 publications

The effect of inoculants and cellulase on the fermentation and microbiological composition of grass silage: II Microbiological changes in the silages

The effect of inoculants and cellulase on the fermentation and microbiological composition of grass silage: II Microbiological changes in the silages

Ammonia-N concentration in alfalfa silage and its effects on dairy cow performance: a meta-analysis

Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration of the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn

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