A review of the applications of fuel cells in microgrids: opportunities and challenges

Li, Zhongliang; Zheng, Zhixue; Xu, Liangfei; Liu, Xiaonan

doi:10.1186/s42500-019-0008-3

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 132 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In [22] authors proposed a model for standalone applications where PEMFC is switched by electrolyzer coming from main DC bus where PV Source, PEMFC, and ultracapacitor were feeding to main DC Bus. Authors [23] proposed that integration of PEMFC with solar has shown high economic benefits, energy conversion efficiency of 60-80 percent, scalable to desired demand, and flexible. For the standalone hybrid solar and fuel hybrid system proposed by [24], both sources are synchronized, controlled, and optimized, attached between DC and AC line through an inverter.…”

Section: Comparison With the Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed Model of Sustainable Resource Management for Smart Grid Utilization

Tauqeer

Saeed

Yousuf

et al. 2021

WEVJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Automation and modernization of the grid with the availability of micro-grids including non-conventional sources of energy are the main constituent of smart grid technology. Most energy demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel-based power plants. Inadequacy of fuel resources, higher operating costs, and ever-increasing carbon emissions are the primary constraints of fossil fuels-operated power plants. Sustainable energy resource utilization in meeting energy demand is thought to be a preferred solution for reducing carbon emissions and is also a sustainable economic solution. This research effort discusses an accurate mathematical modeling and simulation implementation of a sustainable energy resource model powered by solar, grid, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack and focuses on the energy management of the model. In the proposed model, despite energy resources being sustainable, consumer side sustainability is achieved by using electrical charging vehicles (ECVs) to be integrated with sustainable resources. The proposed energy resource management (ERM) strategy is evaluated by simulating different operating conditions with and without distributed energy resources exhibiting the effectiveness of the proposed model. PEMFC is incorporated in the model to control fluctuations that have been synchronized with other energy resources for the distribution feeder line. In this proposed model, PEMFC is synchronized with grid and solar energy sources for both DC and AC load with ERM of all sources, making the system effective and reliable for consumer-based load and ECVs utilization.

show abstract

Section: Comparison With the Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed Model of Sustainable Resource Management for Smart Grid Utilization

Tauqeer

Saeed

Yousuf

et al. 2021

WEVJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“… 4 Therefore, fuel cells attract considerable attention in both industrial and academic fields. 2 , 5 The most common fuels are classified as gaseous, for example, hydrogen, and liquid, for example, ethanol, methanol, and formic acid (FA). Hydrogen-fed proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been studied intensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposite Concept for Electrochemical In Situ Preparation of Pt–Au Alloy Nanoparticles for Formic Acid Oxidation

Quinson

Zhang

et al. 2022

JACS Au

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Herein, we report a straightforward approach for the in situ preparation of Pt–Au alloy nanoparticles from Pt + x Au/C nanocomposites using monometallic colloidal nanoparticles as starting blocks. Four different compositions with fixed Pt content and varying Pt to Au mass ratios from 1:1 up to 1:7 were prepared as formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) catalysts. The study was carried out in a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) setup. It is shown that the presence of Au in the nanocomposites substantially improves the FAOR activity with respect to pure Pt/C, which serves as a reference. The nanocomposite with a mass ratio of 1:5 between Pt and Au displays the best performance during potentiodynamic tests, with the electro-oxidation rates, overpotential, and poisoning resistance being improved simultaneously. By comparison, too low or too high Au contributions in the nanocomposites lead to an unbalanced performance in the FAOR. The combination of operando small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) elemental mapping, and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) reveals that for the nanocomposite with a 1:5 mass ratio, a conversion between Pt and Au from separate nanoparticles to alloy nanoparticles occurs during continuous potential cycling in formic acid. By comparison, the nanocomposites with lower Au contents, for example, 1:2, exhibit less in situ alloying, and the concomitant performance improvement is less pronounced. On applying identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM), it is revealed that the in situ alloying is due to Pt dissolution and re-deposition onto Au as well as Pt migration and coalescence with Au nanoparticles.

show abstract

“…It is now essential to develop more expanded resources of electrical energy for microgrid systems in addition to the current sources namely: solar energy, hydro energy, wind energy, diesel, biomass, and battery technologies. Interestingly, FCs have been increasingly considered as a formidable addition with growing popularity in microgrids during the recent years [2], [5]. This is due to their high operating efficiency and their ability to produce clean energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%