A Review of the Actual Knowledge of the Processes Governing Growth and Development of Long Bones

Pazzaglia, U. E.; Beluffi, Giampiero; Benetti, Anna; Bondioni, Maria Pia; Zarattini, Guido

doi:10.3109/15513815.2010.524693

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…van Donkelaar and Wilson (2012) have simulated in a numerical model, referred to as the Heter-Volkmann principle, the effect of compressive strains on duplicating/growing cells generated by external constraints. The morphologic and morphometric data of this study are consistent with this mechanical model because each intra-lacunar chondrocyte duplication doubles the cellular mass and the hypertrophic/swelling transformation increased the cell mass inside the single lacuna(Benjamin & Hillen, 2003;Pazzaglia, Beluffi, Benetti, Bondioni, & Zarattini, 2011: Zhu, Zhang, Alber, & Newman, 2010. The constraint to expansion was given before the mineral deposition in the matrix by the collagen network around the chondrocyte, followed by the rigid, calcified scaffold.…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

Long bone human anlage longitudinal and circumferential growth in the fetal period and comparison with the growth plate cartilage of the postnatal age

Pazzaglia

Reguzzoni

Casati

et al. 2018

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The patterns of longitudinal and peripheral growth were analyzed in human autopod cartilage anlagen (fetal developmental stage 20th–22nd week) through morphometric assessment of chondrocyte parameter size, shape, alignment and orientation between peripheral and central sectors of the anlage transition zone defined by primary ossification center and the epiphyseal basis. The aim was to correlate the chondrocyte dynamics with the longitudinal and peripheral growth. A further comparison was carried out between the corresponding sectors of the postnatal (3–5 months old) growth plate cartilage documenting: (1) the different chondrocyte framework and the new peripheral mechanism; (2) the opposite direction of fetal periosteal ossification versus the Lacroix bone bark. Measurement of multiple parameters (% lac area, % total matrix area, total lac density and mean single lac area), which characterize the cartilage Anlage growth, suggested the following correlations with chondrocyte duplication rate: (a) slow duplication rate ≈ coupled, intralacunar chondrocytes (in central epiphysis); (b) repeated/frequent cell duplications ≈ clusters (in the basal epiphyseal layer); (c) clusters of chondrocytes before becoming hypertrophic were stacked up on the top of each other (both in the Anlage transition zone or in the columns of metaphyseal growth plate); (d) enhanced osteoclastic resorption of the Lacroix bone bark lower end, extended to the more external metaphyseal trabeculae counterbalancing the discrepancy between the epiphyseal and the diaphyseal circumferential growth.

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supporting

confidence: 81%

Long bone human anlage longitudinal and circumferential growth in the fetal period and comparison with the growth plate cartilage of the postnatal age

Pazzaglia

Reguzzoni

Casati

et al. 2018

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…The diaphyseal perimeters increase because parallel systems of lamellae are apposed by periosteal osteoblasts. This pattern can be observed either in the early development of the tubular bones (Pazzaglia et al 2011c) or in the course of advancing age. In contrast, endosteal remodelling enlarges the marrow canal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This pattern can be observed either in the early development of the tubular bones (Pazzaglia et al. ) or in the course of advancing age. In contrast, endosteal remodelling enlarges the marrow canal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphometric analysis of osteonal architecture in bones from healthy young human male subjects using scanning electron microscopy

et al. 2013

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The shape and structure of bones is a topic that has been studied for a long time by morphologists and biologists with the goal of explaining the laws governing their development, aging and pathology. The osteonal architecture of tibial and femoral mid-diaphyses was examined morphometrically with scanning electron microscopy in four healthy young male subjects. In transverse sections of the mid-diaphysis, the total area of the anterior, posterior, lateral and medial cortex sectors was measured and analysed for osteonal parameters including osteon number and density, osteon total and bone area and vascular space area. Osteons were grouped into four classes including cutting heads (A), transversely cut osteons (B), longitudinally cut osteons (C) and sealed osteons (D). The morphometric parameters were compared between the inner (endosteal) and outer (periosteal) half of the cortex. Of 5927 examined osteons, 24.4% cutting heads, 71.1% transversely cut osteons, 2.3% longitudinally cut osteons and 2.2% sealed osteons were found. The interosteonic bone (measured as the area in a lamellar system that has lost contact with its own central canal) corresponded to 51.2% of the endosteal and 52.4% of the periosteal half-cortex. The mean number of class A cutting heads and class B osteons was significantly higher in the periosteal than in the endosteal half-cortex (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in density. The mean osteon total area, osteon bone area and vascular space area of both classes A and B were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for all three parameters) in the endosteal than in the periosteal half-cortex. The significant differences between the two layers of the cortex suggest that the osteoclast activity is distributed throughout the whole cortical thickness, with more numerous excavations in the external layer, but larger resorption lacunae closer to the marrow canal. A randomly selected population of 109 intact class B osteons was examined at higher magnification (350×) to count osteocyte lacuna and to analyse their relationship with osteon size parameters. The distribution frequency of the mean number of osteocyte lacunae increased with the increment in the sub-classes of osteon bone area, whereas the density did not show significant differences. The number of osteocyte lacunae had a direct correlation with the osteon bone area and the mean osteon wall thickness, as well as the mean number of lamellae. The osteocyte lacunae density showed an inverse relationship. These data suggest a biological regulation of osteoblast activity with a limit to the volume of matrix produced by each cell and proportionality with the number of available cells in the space of the cutting cone (total osteon area). The collected data can be useful as a set of control parameters in healthy human bone for studies on bone aging and metabolic bone diseases.

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“…Interestingly OCT-0 was identified only by histological analyses. This could be explained with a reduced amount of mineral salts in the extracellular matrix, insufficient to be detected by x-rays [34]. In fact, the first evidence of radio-opacity matched with the actual appearance of hypertrophic chondrocytes lying in the mineralized extra cellular matrix (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

Modina

Veronesi

Moioli³

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundVery little is known about neonatal skeletal development in small-sized purebred dogs. In order to improve this knowledge, 27 spontaneously dead puppies belonging to small-sized breeds were enrolled in this study for radiologic, histological and morphometric investigations.ResultsThe appearance of the limb secondary ossification centers and the onset of their formation were clearly observed by x rays and confirmed by histological evidences. Radiographic and anatomic measurements of limb bones length and skull length and width were positively correlated with body weight and age of the subjects and the body weight was positively correlated with radius bone mineral density, as demonstrated by dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry.ConclusionsThese data provided original information on the growth of newborn small-sized breed dogs, and suggest that cadavers may be useful to study skeletal development.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1092-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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A Review of the Actual Knowledge of the Processes Governing Growth and Development of Long Bones

Cited by 19 publications

References 29 publications

Long bone human anlage longitudinal and circumferential growth in the fetal period and comparison with the growth plate cartilage of the postnatal age

Long bone human anlage longitudinal and circumferential growth in the fetal period and comparison with the growth plate cartilage of the postnatal age

Morphometric analysis of osteonal architecture in bones from healthy young human male subjects using scanning electron microscopy

Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

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