A review of sulfonic group bearing porous carbon catalyst for biodiesel production

Zailan, Zarifah; Tahir, Muhammad Bilal; Jusoh, Mazura; Zakaria, Zainoha

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.030

Cited by 74 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 167 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The five most common chemical reaction processes can be applied to convert TAG’s to FA(X)E, which are thermal cracking, transesterification and/or esterification, superfluid techniques [ 15 ], enzymatic, and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) techniques. HVO can be considered as a hybrid technique, which can result not only in biodiesel but in several final products, and, furthermore, biodiesel originating from HVO is usually not fully compatible with diesel machines without having engine adjustments [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oligocat: Oligoesters as Pseudo-Homogenous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biodiesel production from first-generation feedstock has shown a strong correlation with the increase in deforestation and the necessity of larger areas for land farming. Recent estimation from the European Federation for Transport and Environment evidenced that since the 2000s decade, an area equal to the Netherlands was deforested to supply global biodiesel demand, mainly originating from first-generation feedstock. Nevertheless, biodiesel is renewable, and it can be a greener source of energy than petroleum. A promising approach to make biodiesel independent from large areas of farming is to shift as much as possible the biodiesel production chain to second and third generations of feedstock. The second generation presents three main advantages, where it does not compete with the food industry, its commercial value is negligible, or none, and its usage as feedstock for biodiesel production reduces the overall waste disposal. In this manuscript, we present an oligomeric catalyst designed to be multi-functional for second-generation feedstock transesterification reactions, mainly focusing our efforts to optimize the conversion of tallow fat and sauteing oil to FAME and FAEE, applying our innovative catalyst. Named as Oligocat, our catalyst acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid catalyst, providing protons to the reaction medium, and at the same time, with the course of the reaction, it sequesters glycerol molecules from the medium and changes its physical phase during the transesterification reaction. With this set of properties, Oligocat presents a pseudo-homogenous behavior, reducing the purification and separation steps of the biodiesel process production. Reaction conditions were optimized applying a 42 factorial planning. The output parameter evaluated was the conversion rate of triacylglycerol to mono alkyl esters, measured through gel permeation chromatography (GPC). After the optimization studies, a conversion yield of 96.7 (±1.9) wt% was achieved, which allows classifying the obtained mono alkyl esters as biodiesel by ASTM D6751 or EN 14214:2003. After applying the catalyst in three reaction cycles, Oligocat still presented a conversion rate above 96.5 wt% and as well an excellent recovery rate.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oligocat: Oligoesters as Pseudo-Homogenous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biodiesel is chemically alkyl esters of long‐chain fatty acids derived from various lipid feedstocks through transesterification or esterification processes. Biodiesel possesses similar properties to diesel fuel, and hence, it holds several benefits such as being renewable, biodegradable, non‐toxic, non‐explosive, low sulfur content, and leaves no particulates [2] . Additionally, the high flash point of biodiesel (423 K) makes it less flammable compared to petroleum diesel (337 K), This feature makes the handling, storage, and transportation of biodiesel more convenient and safer [1]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biodiesel possesses similar properties to diesel fuel, and hence, it holds several benefits such as being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, non-explosive, low sulfur content, and leaves no particulates. [2] Additionally, the high flash point of biodiesel (423 K) makes it less flammable compared to petroleum diesel (337 K), This feature makes the handling, storage, and transportation of biodiesel more convenient and safer. [1] Biodiesel, consisting of long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters, is normally prepared from vegetable oil or animal fats through transesterification of triglyceride with alcohols using acid or base catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically Ordered Porous Solid Acid: Preparation and Application as a Biodiesel Catalyst

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acid‐catalyzed esterification of high fatty acid content feedstocks with methanol is an efficient way to prepare biodiesel. In this work, using the dual template method combining the colloidal crystal template and the porogen, a series of hierarchical ordered porous weak cross‐linked polystyrene solid acid catalysts with high mass transfer efficiency and high acid density were successfully prepared. This catalyst displayed stronger acid strength and better swelling properties. The specific surface area of the obtained catalyst is 32 m2 ⋅ g−1, and its acid value reaches 4.11 mmol ⋅ g−1. The effect of the hierarchical porous structure and swelling on the access to the catalytic sites were illuminated. Acid‐catalyzed reactions showed that hierarchically ordered porous cross‐linked polystyrene solid acid catalyst was more active (the efficiency of the esterification of oleic acid and methanol was up to 93.67 %) than Amberlyst‐15 catalyst.

show abstract

“…Environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources are one of the alternatives to control and reduce global warming and climate change. In this context, biodiesel is a decisive renewable energy source to replace petrol diesel [ 1 ]. Regarding biodiesel demand, for example, since the 2000 decade, the production of biodiesel in Germany has increased by almost seventy-fold [ 2 ], reaching approximately 2.35 × 10 3 (Tons·year −1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the mass transfer properties of the catalytic group are poorer, generating longer times for reaction. On the other hand, homogeneous catalysis promotes efficient mass transfer of the catalytic groups, although contamination and difficulties to completely remove the catalyst from the final product are usual challenges in biodiesel production [ 1 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Chemical Functionalization of Pseudo-Homogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production—Oligocat

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With the increase in global demand for biodiesel, first generation feedstock has drawn the attention of governmental institutions due to the correlation with large land farming areas. The second and third feedstock generations are greener feedstock sources, nevertheless, they require different catalytic conditions if compared with first generation feedstock. In this work, we present the synthesis and characterization of oligoesters matrices and their functionalization to act as a pseudo-homogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production, named Oligocat. The main advantage of Oligocat is given due to its reactional medium interaction. Initially, oligocat is a solid catalyst soluble in the alcoholic phase, acting as a homogeneous catalyst, providing better mass transfer of the catalytic groups to the reaction medium, and as the course of the reaction happens, Oligocat migrates to the glycerol phase, also providing the advantage of easy separation of the biodiesel. Oligocat was synthesized through polymerization of aromatic hydroxy acids, followed by a chemical functionalization applying the sulfonation technique. Characterization of the catalysts was carried out by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized oligomers presented 5357 g·mol−1 (Mw) and 3909 g·mol−1 (Mn), with a moderate thermal resistance of approximately 175 °C. By sulfonation reaction, it was possible to obtain a high content of sulphonic groups of nearly 70 mol%, which provided the catalytic activity to the oligomeric matrix. With the mentioned physical–chemical properties, Oligocat is chemically designed to convert second generation feedstock to biodiesel efficiently. Preliminary investigation using Oligocat for biodiesel production resulted in conversion rates higher than 96.5 wt.%.

show abstract

A review of sulfonic group bearing porous carbon catalyst for biodiesel production

Cited by 74 publications

References 167 publications

Oligocat: Oligoesters as Pseudo-Homogenous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis

Oligocat: Oligoesters as Pseudo-Homogenous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis

Hierarchically Ordered Porous Solid Acid: Preparation and Application as a Biodiesel Catalyst

Synthesis and Chemical Functionalization of Pseudo-Homogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production—Oligocat

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About