A review of sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in foods

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The pesticide residues in foods have received increasing attention as one of the most important food safety issues. Therefore, more strict regulations on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods have been established in many countries and health organizations, based on the sensitive and reliable analysis methods of pesticide residues. However, the analysis of pesticide residues is a continuing challenge mainly because of the small quantities of analytes as well as the large amounts of interfering substances which can be co-extracted with them, often leading to experimental errors and damage to the analytical instruments. Thus, extensive sample preparation is often required for the pesticide residue analysis for the effective extraction of the analytes and removal of the interferences. This paper focuses on reviewing the recent development in the sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in foods since 2006. The methods include: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), QuEChERS, cloud point extraction (CPE) and liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME), etc. Particularly their advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives will be discussed.</jats:p>

Técnicas de preparo de amostra empregadas na determinação de agrotóxicos carbamatos em água e solo

“…Apesar das várias vantagens, a técnica de extração em fase sólida apresenta algumas limitações, como: cartuchos de custo elevado e descartáveis, em virtude da ocorrência do efeito de memória (dessorção incompleta dos analitos do cartucho, interferindo em outras análi-ses), requer consumo significante de solventes, embora em menor quantidade que as técnicas clássicas; apresenta dificuldade de seleção do(s) sorvente(s) e do(s) solvente(s) que serão utilizados, principalmente quando se trabalha com analitos de diferentes propriedades; e dificuldades no emprego em matrizes sólidas, como solo, já que essas provocam a saturação dos sítios adsorventes ou bloqueiam os poros do sorvente, resultando em extrações ineficientes [30] . [31] , como sorventes seletivos para SPE.…”

Ultrasonication Extraction - HPLC-VIS Fluorescence Method Validation for Trace Analysis of Oil and Grease in Water

“…Ultrasonication assisted liquid-liquid extraction technique recently used in analytical chemistry laboratories this days as a result of their great advantages: working time is effectively reduced, increasing the yields and the quality of the extract [13][14][15][16].…”

A Review on Microextraction Techniques for Selected Triazole Fungicides Determination in Water and Food Samples

“…Traditionally, those analysis have been done using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) [13][14][15]. LLE is based on the equilibrium distribution/partition coefficient between two immiscible liquids.…”

“…LLE is based on the equilibrium distribution/partition coefficient between two immiscible liquids. On the other hand, SPE is based on the selective distribution of analytes between the solid packing material and liquid mobile phase [15,16]. The main drawbacks of these two techniques are the important amounts of solvents and the laborious procedures involved.…”