A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives

Borrero-López, Antonio M.; Nicolas, Vincent; Marie, Z.; Celzard, Alain; Fierro, Vanessa

doi:10.3390/polym14193974

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 269 publications

(337 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…To address the adverse effects of the autocatalytic reaction of amino ester and isocyanate during the foaming process, incorporating a prepolymerization step limits the temperature increase (Figure a), as discussed earlier. Furthermore, it improves the cellular properties of the resulting foam by promoting chain lengthening capable of cross-linking during foaming . This prepolymerization process can serve to control the length propagation of urethane chains, leading to a reduction in cell wall rupturing and an improvement in both the mechanical and thermal properties of the foam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it improves the cellular properties of the resulting foam by promoting chain lengthening capable of cross-linking during foaming. 50 This prepolymerization process can serve to control the length propagation of urethane chains, leading to a reduction in cell wall rupturing and an improvement in both the mechanical and thermal properties of the foam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of High-Performance Coconut Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Urea Foam: A Novel Sequential Amidation and Prepolymerization Process

Hipulan,

Dingcong,

Estrada

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The utilization of coconut diethanolamide (p-CDEA) as a substitute polyol for petroleum-based polyol in fully biobased rigid polyurethane-urea foam (RPUAF) faces challenges due to its short chain and limited cross-linking capability. This leads to compromised cell wall resistance during foam expansion, resulting in significant ruptured cells and adverse effects on mechanical and thermal properties. To address this, a novel sequential amidation-prepolymerization route was employed on coconut oil, yielding a hydroxyl-terminated poly(urethane-urea) prepolymer polyol (COPUAP). Compared to p-CDEA, COPUAP exhibited a decreased hydroxyl value (496.3−473.2 mg KOH/g), an increase in amine value (13.464−24.561 mg KOH/g), and an increase in viscosity (472.4−755.8 mPa•s), indicating enhanced functionality of 34.3 mgKOH/g and chain lengthening. Further, COPUAP was utilized as the sole B-side polyol in the production of RPUAF (PU-COPUAP). The improved functionality of COPUAP and its improved cross-linking capability during foaming have significantly improved cell morphology, resulting in a remarkable 4.7-fold increase in compressive strength (132−628 kPa), a 3.5-fold increase in flexural strength (232−828 kPa), and improved insulation properties with a notable decrease in thermal conductivity (48.02−34.52 mW/m•K) compared to PU-CDEA in the literature. Additionally, PU-COPUAP exhibited a 16.5% increase in the water contact angle (114.93°to 133.87°), attributing to the formation of hydrophobic biuret segments and a tightly packed, highly cross-linked structure inhibiting water penetration. This innovative approach sets a new benchmark for fully biobased rigid foam production, delivering high load-bearing capacity, exceptional insulation, and significantly improved hydrophobicity.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of High-Performance Coconut Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Urea Foam: A Novel Sequential Amidation and Prepolymerization Process

Hipulan,

Dingcong,

Estrada

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Elastic polymers constitute flexible foams, elastomers, PU coatings, fibres, adhesives, etc., while structural foams, solid polymers, wood substitutes, and rigid foams make up rigid polymers [37]. Polyurethane foams are composite solid-gas materials in which the solid state is designed using polymer parts, and the gas state is manufactured using gas.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polyurethane matrix comprises other base resins and elements that likely consist of surfactants, plasticiser fillers, stabiliser pigments, and fire retardants [41]. The constituents of this matrix play a crucial function because it substantially influences foam attributes like thermal stability, toughness, flammability, chemical resistance transition temperature, and specific heat.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Characteristics of Polyurethane as a Sustainable Material used for Buildings, Polymer Composite, Biomedical, and Electronics Application

Okokpujie,

Monye,

Subair

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This research is focused on studying the characteristics of Polyurethane in engineering applications as a sustainable material employed for buildings and as reinforcement for polymer composite, electronics, and biomedical applications. This study discussed and reviewed papers cut across the Polyurethane Formation, Engineering Attributes of Polyurethane, and Polyurethane Applications in various fields such as Buildings, Polymer Composite Materials, Biomedical, and Electronic, which has proven that Polyurethane is a multi-functional material that has been employed in biomedical engineering used for tissue, wound treatment, breast implant, drug delivery systems. Also, it has been applied for sensors, actuators, Flexible electronics, Energy harvesters and storage, and Shape memory applications. Furthermore, its application in buildings, Polyurethane (PU) foam as an insulation material embedded in the aluminium roofing system for sustainable human comfort. This study also identifies the challenges of Polyurethane and provides sustainable solutions. In conclusion, site materials and structural application have shown excellent performance from studying the Polyurethane characteristics as embedded materials for roofing sheets.

show abstract

“…Represents various applications of flexible PU foams as per industrial data. In contrast, rigid foams are highly crosslinked closed-cell polymer foams primarily used in thermal insulation and packaging applications [18,19]. Few reports stated that rigid foams do not entirely contain closed cells.…”

Section: Figure 1 Process and Formation Of Polyurethane Foammentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and numerical study of rigid polyurethane foams for mechanical characteristics using finite element analysis

Jeyanthi,

Nivedhitha,

Jeyamani

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the past three decades, the global market has attracted polyurethane (PU) foams. It has been estimated that three-quarters of global consumption of polyurethane products are mainly foams. Based on hardness and density, foams can be classified into flexible and rigid. Features like flexibility, durability, stiffness, lightweight, less cost, and low density make foams more suitable for a wide range of automotive, industrial and agricultural industries. In this aspect, rigid foams are largely used as base materials for insulating purposes, seals, gaskets, tires, bedding, and seating of trucks. Generally, these PU foams are synthesized by mixing two chemicals: polyol and isocyanates. But unfortunately, the utilisation of Petro-based polyols makes PU foam restricted due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. Hence, this study attempts to replace Petro-based polyols with castor oil-based polyols. Other mechanical properties, such as compression strength, were tested to evaluate its ductile and flow behaviour. Finally, the developed Kelvin foam models were used for Finite Elemental Analysis (FEM) using ANSYS software to validate experimental results. Based on the results shows that both experimental and numerical analysis of castor oil PU foams resulted in greater compressive strength when compared to Petro-based PU foams.

show abstract

A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives

Cited by 9 publications

References 269 publications

Development of High-Performance Coconut Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Urea Foam: A Novel Sequential Amidation and Prepolymerization Process

Development of High-Performance Coconut Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Urea Foam: A Novel Sequential Amidation and Prepolymerization Process

Study of the Characteristics of Polyurethane as a Sustainable Material used for Buildings, Polymer Composite, Biomedical, and Electronics Application

Experimental and numerical study of rigid polyurethane foams for mechanical characteristics using finite element analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About