A Review of Recent Incentive Contrast Studies Involving Discrete-Trial Procedures

Cox, W. Miles

doi:10.1007/bf03394329

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 118 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, animals may choose a usually preferred reward less frequently, or work less energetically for it, when other, even more preferred rewards have been encountered (Reynolds 1961;Black 1968;Dunham 1968;Cox 1975;Flaherty 1996). The reward contrast may occur even when a more valued reward is observed with another animal (Brosnan and de Waal 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative reward processing in primate striatum

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rewards are often not only valued according to their physical characteristics but also relative to other available rewards. The striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum including nucleus accumbens) is involved in the organization of movement and the processing of reward information. We studied the activity of single striatal neurons in macaques that were presented with different combinations of two rewards. We found in nearly half of the investigated neurons that the processing for one reward shifted, relative to the other rewards that were available in a given trial block. The relative reward processing concerned all forms of striatal activity related to reward-predicting visual stimuli, arm movements and reception of rewards. The observed changes may provide a neural basis for the known shifts in valuation of rewarding outcomes relative to known references.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative reward processing in primate striatum

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Looking further afield, there have been investigations concerning the effects of reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning (Hoehler & Leonard, 1981) and in reward magnitude in instrumental conditioning (Booream & Flowers, 1974;Capaldi & Ziff, 1969;Cox, 1975;Flaherty, 1982;Zeaman, 1949).These studies have consistentlyshown that such reductions did not maintain responding but led to a decrease in the response asymptote. However, other than a single passing mention by Collier, Knarr, and Marx (1961), none of these studies reported whether betweensession increases analogous to spontaneous recovery appeared.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction revisited: Similarities between extinction and reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Kehoe

White

2002

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanisms of extinction were examined by reducing the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) after acquisition training to determine whether such reductions lie on a continuum with CS-alone extinction. The experiments revealed that reductions in US intensity yielded extinction-like effects. Specifically, there were proportional reductions in the daily mean level of responding across sessions. There were also persistent within-session declines and between-session increases of responding analogous to spontaneous recovery. Surprisingly, even when US intensity was held constant, within-session declines and between-session increases were apparent. The results are discussed with respect to possible contributions from unlearning, new learning, generalization decrement, and nonassociative loss, especially CS-specific attentional changes and CR-specific reactive inhibition. EXTINCTION AND US INTENSITY 97the conditioned response (CR) with a 4-mA shock US, each of four groups was presented with a lower US intensity. In addition to CS-alone extinction (no US), three reduced US intensities were used: 0.5, 1, and 2 mA. The latter two values are known to produce reliable CR acquisition in the rabbit nictitating membrane (NM) preparation (Napier, Macrae, & Kehoe, 1992;Smith, 1968). Method

show abstract

“…Incentive contrast effects resulting from successive shifts in magnitude of food reward have been studied extensively in animals (Black , 1976;Cox, 1975;Flaherty, 1982). With the successive incentive shift design , animals are trained to traverse a runway during two successive phases of the experiment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, animals receiving an upshift in reward are expected to be elated and exhibit a positive contrast effect (Crespi, 1942). For a discussion of other theoretical explanations of incentive contrast effects as well as explanations for the failure to obtain positive-incentive contrast effects, see Black (1976) and Cox (1975 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of alcohol on successive incentive contrast

Cox

1988

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of alcohol on successive positive-and negative-incentive contrast effects resulting from shifts in magnitude of food reward were studied in a runway conditioning experiment with female albino rats. Immediately prior to the conditioning trials, half of the fluid-deprived animals consumed a 10% sucrose solution, and half consumed a 10 % sucrose solution containing 4.8 % ethanol. A negative-incentive contrast effect occurred under both fluid conditions, but a positiveincentive contrast effect did not occur under either fluid condition. Thus, there was no evidence that alcohol either eliminated negative emotional reactions to downshifts in reward or contributed to positive emotional reactions to upshifts in reward. On the contrary, consuming alcohol had negative consequences on runway performance, causing the successive negative contrast effect to be more protracted than it was among the animals that did not consume alcohol. The results suggest that consuming alcohol following incentive reduction interferes with animals' disengagement from the lost incentive.

show abstract

A Review of Recent Incentive Contrast Studies Involving Discrete-Trial Procedures

Cited by 39 publications

References 118 publications

Relative reward processing in primate striatum

Relative reward processing in primate striatum

Extinction revisited: Similarities between extinction and reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Effects of alcohol on successive incentive contrast

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About