A review of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: Recommendations and monitoring in the US

Abstract

It has been estimated that genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US. Nononcogenic types, such as HPV type 6 (HPV-6) and HPV-11, can cause benign or low-grade cervical cell changes,

Characterization of virus-like particles in GARDASIL® by cryo transmission electron microscopy

“…The yeast-derived recombinant quadrivalent HPV L1 (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine GARDASIL® and the Baculovirusderived bivalent vaccine (Types 16 and 18) CERVARIX® have played an important role in reducing cervical cancer since their introduction for human use in 2006 and 2007. 1 The L1 proteins expressed either in yeast or Baculovirus systems self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) that when properly adjuvanted, elicit protective immune responses by mimicking the authentic epitopes of virions. Routine biochemical techniques can be applied to confirm the primary structure of the proteins in these recombinant vaccines.…”

National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for Use of Tumor Markers in Liver, Bladder, Cervical, and Gastric Cancers

“…The currently available prophylactic HPV vaccines are based on viruslike particles (VLPs) and are composed of HPV L1 proteins (372,373 ). Three prophylactic HPV-VLP vaccines have been clinically evaluated to date, including a monovalent HPV16 L1 VLP vaccine, a bivalent HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine, and a quadrivalent HPV6/11/16/18 L1 VLP vaccine (373 ).…”

“…Three prophylactic HPV-VLP vaccines have been clinically evaluated to date, including a monovalent HPV16 L1 VLP vaccine, a bivalent HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine, and a quadrivalent HPV6/11/16/18 L1 VLP vaccine (373 ). Efficacy data of the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines demonstrate protection against persistent HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 infections (lasting 6 months or more) for more than 90% of those vaccinated for up to at least 5 years after vaccination (372,373 ). The efficacy against high-grade CIN and adenocarcinoma in situ is documented as an intermediate endpoint because these lesions are the obligate precursors to invasive cancer.…”

Screening and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in the World

“…months, mainly applied in high schools and 80% coverage in adolescents 12 to 13 years, a reduction of 63% of cervical cancer, 51% reduction of CIN-3 is projected and 27% reduction of abnormal smears before 30 years of age [25][26][27][28]. …”

“…Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, with 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths in women Cervical cancer remains the most common cancer in eastern and central Africa, accounting for 7.5% of all gynecological cancer deaths, nine out of ten (87%) cervical cancer deaths occur in emerging countries, and mortality varies 18 times in different regions of the world, with rates ranging from less than 2 per 100,000 in Western Asia, Western Europe and Australia / New Zealand to over 20 per 100,000 in Melanesia (20.6), Middle (22.2) and East (27,6) Africa [5]. The incidence and mortality are related to poverty, limited access to health care, life in rural areas and low levels of education access;…”