“…Our method is based on two energy budget equations. The first one is energy budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) which is widely used in climate sensitivity studies [ Knutti and Hegerl , ; Yoshimori et al ., ]: where N is TOA net radiation input, F is forcing, T is surface temperature, Λ is a feedback parameter, and Δ indicates an anomaly [ Hansen and Takahashi , ; Yoshimori et al ., ]. The second one is the energy conservation of the Earth; the TOA excess energy needs to be used for an increase in the ocean heat content and/or changes in energy except the ocean such as melting of glaciers/sea ice and land/atmosphere warming: where E O and E EO represent ocean heat content and nonocean total energy (i.e., heat stored except the ocean) per unit area of Earth's surface, respectively.…”