A review of microgrid development in the United States – A decade of progress on policies, demonstrations, controls, and software tools

Feng, Wei; Jin, Ming; Liu, Xu; Bao, Yi; Marnay, Chris; Cheng, Yao; Yu, Jiancheng

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.096

Cited by 128 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…More than 100 advanced meters have been installed to obtain high‐resolution load data. Under the Zero Emission Vehicle‐Network Enabled Transport program, a fleet of 77 advanced vehicles are installed 35 . The UCI microgrid one‐line diagram is shown in Figure 12 33 …”

Section: Operation and Protection Schemes In North American Microgridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection schemes used in North American microgrids

Piesciorovsky

Smith

Ollis

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary This study reviewed existing conventional and nonconventional protection schemes for grid‐connected and islanded mode operations in North American microgrid projects. The microgrid projects investigated in this study used different types of distributed energy resources (DERs) and integrated hydropower/diesel generators, gas/steam/wind turbines, and photovoltaic systems with energy storage. In this work, conventional protection schemes were defined as those within the IEEE Standard C37.2‐2008, whereas nonconventional schemes were those not defined within this standard. The pros and cons of conventional and nonconventional protection schemes were discussed in detail. The overvoltage, undervoltage, and frequency elements were the most common conventional protection schemes applied in microgrid projects in North America. These protection elements were used to detect the islanded conditions and faults that could not be sensed by overcurrent relays because of small fault currents contributed by low‐inertia DERs and power‐electronic sources. Directional overcurrent elements were used to distinguish between external (grid) and internal (microgrid) faults. Adaptive protection was the most popular nonconventional protection scheme applied to the microgrid projects. In conclusion, different types of DERs and operational modes must be considered in order to address the protection and control challenges of each microgrid and to obtain the best technical and economical solution.

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Section: Operation and Protection Schemes In North American Microgridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection schemes used in North American microgrids

Piesciorovsky

Smith

Ollis

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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“…The mechanisms reviewed comprised capital subsidies, tax reductions, climate, carbon taxes, and financing services. In [40] the most important aspects of microgrid development in the United States was reviewed. It summarized the various financial incentives and subsidy policies available for microgrid systems at the local and federal level.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Capital and Energy Subsidies on the Optimal Design of Microgrid Systems

2020

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Microgrids constitute an attractive solution for the electrification of areas where grid extension is not technically feasible or prohibitively expensive. In recent years, national governments have implemented various support policies to encourage the deployment of renewable energy systems (RES) and microgrid hybrid-powered systems. A fundamental aspect during the design and disposition of these types of units is the determination of the optimal configuration and sizing of each power generation component. Furthermore, the optimal design of microgrids is strongly dependent on technological parameters, local meteorological conditions, among other factors. In this context, this paper investigates the effects of different policy measures on the optimal configuration of microgrids functioning in islanded mode. A computable model is employed to carry out a set of sensitivity analyses and assess the impact of capital and fuel subsidies on the levelized cost of electricity of various systems. The model employed for this study minimizes the total life cycle costs (TLCC) over the 20-year lifetime of the microgrid project. Besides, as meteorological conditions are crucial parameters to consider while designing microgrids, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the effect of wind speed and solar irradiation on the capacities of each distributed generation units. Our results indicate that capital subsidies, as well as fuel price variations, have a substantial effect on the final design of microgrid systems for rural electrification.

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“…Since the initiative to develop smart grids lies in the state, the authors encourage the institutions to integrate this technology, closely related with MGs. Regarding the USA, Reference [54] did a review of MG development with a special focus on policies. In the annexes of the manuscript, there is a table summarizing microgrid-related regulations at federal, state, and utility levels.…”

Section: Policies and Standards Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Microgrids Literature Review through a Layers Structure

2019

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Within a distributed generation (DG) system, microgrids (MGs) are an alternative approach that may provide both resiliency and efficiency benefits. In this review, an analysis of both research and industrial documents was done. In order to establish a solid foundation of the MGs concept, a comparison of various definitions written by distinguished authors has been made. Segmenting the information of MGs into layers facilitates its analysis, search, and comparison. Therefore, this paper continuous with a layer approach from other studies and incorporates the concept of the environment as a key element that has a high impact on the microgrid functional structure. With the foundation of the MG concept, an exhaustive literature review has been developed about the main microgrid layers, such as business, standard, climate, infrastructure or control, and operation.

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A review of microgrid development in the United States – A decade of progress on policies, demonstrations, controls, and software tools

Cited by 128 publications

References 72 publications

Protection schemes used in North American microgrids

Protection schemes used in North American microgrids

The Effects of Capital and Energy Subsidies on the Optimal Design of Microgrid Systems

Microgrids Literature Review through a Layers Structure

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