A review of Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere (MST) radar developments and studies, circa 1997–2008

Hocking, W. K.

doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.12.009

Cited by 57 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 443 publications

(450 reference statements)

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“…Radar techniques rely on backscattered signals which, in the ionosphere, require the existence of free electrons. This technique therefore only works for altitudes above ∼ 70-80 km (see, for example, Hocking, 2011, and references therein). More recently, microwave instruments have been used to measure winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere, however, with a comparatively poor altitude and time resolution (Rüfenacht et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous and co-located wind measurements in the middle atmosphere by lidar and rocket-borne techniques

et al. 2016

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Abstract. We present the first comparison of a new lidar technique to measure winds in the middle atmosphere, called DoRIS (Doppler Rayleigh Iodine Spectrometer), with a rocket-borne in situ method, which relies on measuring the horizontal drift of a target ("starute") by a tracking radar. The launches took place from the Andøya Space Center (ASC), very close to the ALOMAR observatory (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research) at 69 • N. DoRIS is part of a steerable twin lidar system installed at ALOMAR. The observations were made simultaneously and with a horizontal distance between the two lidar beams and the starute trajectories of typically 0-40 km only. DoRIS measured winds from 14 March 2015, 17:00 UTC, to 15 March 2015, 11:30 UTC. A total of eight starute flights were launched successfully from 14 March, 19:00 UTC, to 15 March, 00:19 UTC. In general there is excellent agreement between DoRIS and the in situ measurements, considering the combined range of uncertainties. This concerns not only the general height structures of zonal and meridional winds and their temporal developments, but also some wavy structures. Considering the comparison between all starute flights and all DoRIS observations in a time period of ±20 min around each individual starute flight, we arrive at mean differences of typically ±5-10 m s −1 for both wind components. Part of the remaining differences are most likely due to the detection of different wave fronts of gravity waves. There is no systematic difference between DoRIS and the in situ observations above 30 km. Below ∼ 30 km, winds from DoRIS are systematically too large by up to 10-20 m s −1 , which can be explained by the presence of aerosols. This is proven by deriving the backscatter ratios at two different wavelengths. These ratios are larger than unity, which is an indication of the presence of aerosols.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous and co-located wind measurements in the middle atmosphere by lidar and rocket-borne techniques

et al. 2016

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“…Потенциал при исследовании тропосферы -стратосферы На МСТ-радарах проводятся регулярные изме-рения параметров сигналов, рассеянных на турбу-лентных флуктуациях среды [Hocking, 2011]. Тур-булентное перемешивание нейтральной составляю-щей в стратосфере и тропосфере приводит к появле-нию градиента показателя преломления.…”

Section: методика оценки потенциалаunclassified

“…Особый интерес представляют мезосферные эхо-сигналы [Rapp, Lubken, 2004], которые появляются в летнее и зимнее время, иногда сопровождаясь види-мыми серебристыми облаками [Romejko et al, 2003]. МСТ-измерения включают также исследования ме-теоритов на высотах мезосферы и нижней термо-сферы, рассеяния на тепловых флуктуациях плазмы, атмосферных гравитационных волн и отражающих атмосферных слоев [Hocking, 2011]. Метод НР поз-воляет получать параметры ионосферной плазмы: электронную концентрацию, температуры ионов и электронов, ионный состав, скорость дрейфа плазмы -на высотах 100-2000 км и наблюдать ионосферные неоднородности, когерентные эхо-сигналы, D-слой ионосферы.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Prospective IS-MST radar. Potential and diagnostic capabilities

Potekhin¹,

Сетов²,

Setov

et al. 2016

Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika

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Аннотация. В ближайшие годы в районе Иркут-ска планируется строительство радара, сочетающего в себе возможности радаров некогерентного рассея-ния (НР) и мезосферно-стратосферно-тропосферных радаров (МСТ) [Жеребцов и др., 2011]. Радар НР-МСТ представляет собой фазированную решетку, состоя-щую из двух разнесенных антенных полотен, с циф-ровой многоканальной приемной системой, позво-ляющей проводить детальную пространственно-временную обработку сигнала обратного рассеяния. Показаны характеристики, конфигурация и воз-можности антенной и приемопередающей систем радара. Оценивается потенциал радара в основ-ных режимах работы, включающих исследование ионосферы методом НР на высотах более ~100 км и изучение атмосферы с помощью сигналов, рассе-янных на флуктуациях показателя преломления, вызванных атмосферными турбулентными неод-нородностями, на высотах до 100 км.Моделирование показало, что радар позволит проводить регулярные измерения параметров нейтральной атмосферы на высотах до 26 км, а также наблюдать мезосферное летнее эхо на высотах ~85 км в присутствии заряженных ледяных частиц (при увеличении числа Шмидта) и мезосферное зимнее эхо на высотах ~65 км при повышении фоновой электронной концентрации. Оценка возможностей радара при работе в режиме НР в высотных диапазо-нах 100-600 и 600-2000 км показала, что в дневных условиях при накоплении 10 мин верхняя граница определения электронной концентрации и температу-ры ионосферной плазмы составляет ~1500 и ~1300 км соответственно при стандартном отклонении не более 10 %. Верхний предел определения скорости дрейфа составляет ~1100 км при стандартном отклонении 45 м/с. Оценка интерферометрических возможностей Abstract. In the next few years, a new radar is planned to be built near Irkutsk. It should have capabilities of incoherent scatter (IS) radars and mesospherestratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars [Zherebtsov et al., 2011]. The IS-MST radar is a phased array of two separated antenna panels with a multichannel digital receiving system, which allows detailed space-time processing of backscattered signal. This paper describes characteristics, configuration, and capabilities of the antenna and transceiver systems of this radar. We estimate its potential in basic operating modes to study the ionosphere by the IS method at heights above 100 km and the atmosphere with the use of signals scattered from refractive index fluctuations, caused by turbulent mixing at heights below 100 km.The modeling shows that the radar will allow us to regularly measure neutral atmosphere parameters at heights up to 26 km as well as to observe mesosphere summer echoes at heights near 85 km in the presence of charged ice particles (an increase in Schmidt number) and mesosphere winter echoes at heights near 65 km with increasing background electron density. Evaluation of radar resources at the IS mode in two height ranges 100-600 and 600-2000 km demonstrates that in the daytime and with the accumulation time of 10 min, the upper boundaries of electron density and ionospheric plasma temperature are ~...

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“…This was first suggested by Hocking (1997) in the context of finite receiver bandwidths and who suggested that this was most likely to be an issue around mid-day. He suggested that all data over a measured height of 92 km should be discarded and repeated this in a subsequent review (Hocking 2011). This conservative approach is appealing in its simplicity, and a safe approach, but may not be entirely necessary when with some effort, suspect data could be excluded from further consideration after initial processing.…”

Section: Choice Of Operating Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Reid

2015

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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The application of medium-frequency (MF) and high-frequency (HF) partial reflection radar to investigate the neutral upper atmosphere is one of the oldest such techniques still regularly in use. The techniques have been continuously improved and remain a robust and reliable method of obtaining wind velocities, turbulence intensities, electron densities, and measurements of atmospheric structure in the mesosphere lower thermosphere (MLT) region (50 to 110 km). In this paper, we review recent developments, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, and consider possible improvements.

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A review of Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere (MST) radar developments and studies, circa 1997–2008

Cited by 57 publications

References 443 publications

Simultaneous and co-located wind measurements in the middle atmosphere by lidar and rocket-borne techniques

Simultaneous and co-located wind measurements in the middle atmosphere by lidar and rocket-borne techniques

Prospective IS-MST radar. Potential and diagnostic capabilities

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

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