A review of Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa

Ngure, Peter; Kimutai, Albert; Ng’ang’a, Zipporah; Rukunga, Geoffrey M.; Tonui, Willy K.

doi:10.1016/s1007-4376(09)60032-0

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The estimated average VL caseload per year in Kenya is about 600, according to the Ministry of Health, though in epidemic years caseloads have been reported to surpass 1,000 [4]. Half of the reported VL patients are between 5 and 14 years of age and 66% of them are males [5]. A recent study done in the area showed that the area is characterized by poor infrastructure and most of the residents (60%) live in poor houses which predispose them to the infective bite of the sand fly vector [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Mud and Stick-walled Houses to Corrugated Iron sheet Houses: A New Strategy for Preventing Human-Vector Contact in Marigat Sub-county a Leishmaniasis-endemic Area in Kenya

KiarieMakara¹,

Nzau²,

Ngumbi³

et al. 2017

Int J Trop Med Public Health

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Mud and Stick-walled Houses to Corrugated Iron sheet Houses: A New Strategy for Preventing Human-Vector Contact in Marigat Sub-county a Leishmaniasis-endemic Area in Kenya

KiarieMakara¹,

Nzau²,

Ngumbi³

et al. 2017

Int J Trop Med Public Health

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“…Leishmaniasis is endemic disease of almost 88 countries in which about 350 million peoples are at risk of infection [1]. Malaria is a major public health problem throughout the world and causes one million deaths per year particularly in developing countries [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites

Tariq

Adnan

Amber

et al. 2016

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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BackgroundLeishmaniasis and malaria are the two most common parasitic diseases and responsible for large number of deaths per year particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Majority of Pakistan population rely on medicinal plants due to their low socio-economic status. The present review was designed to gather utmost fragmented published data on traditionally used medicinal plants against leishmaniasis and malaria in Pakistan and their scientific validation.MethodsPub Med, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ISI Web of knowledge and Flora of Pakistan were searched for the collection of data on ethnomedicinal plants. Total 89 articles were reviewed for present study which was mostly published in English. We selected only those articles in which complete information was given regarding traditional uses of medicinal plants in Pakistan.ResultsTotal of 56 plants (malaria 33, leishmaniasis 23) was found to be used traditionally against reported parasites. Leaves were the most focused plant part both in traditional use and in in vitro screening against both parasites. Most extensively used plant families against Leishmaniasis and Malaria were Lamiaceae and Asteraceae respectively. Out of 56 documented plants only 15 plants (Plasmodia 4, Leishmania 11) were assessed in vitro against these parasites. Mostly crude and ethanolic plant extracts were checked against Leishmania and Plasmodia respectively and showed good inhibition zone. Four pure compounds like artemisinin, physalins and sitosterol extracted from different plants proved their efficacy against these parasites.ConclusionsPresent review provides the efficacy and reliability of ethnomedicinal practices and also invites the attention of chemists, pharmacologist and pharmacist to scientifically validate unexplored plants that could lead toward the development of novel anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial drugs.

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“…The disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Coinfection with HIV enhances the risk of the disease (NGURE et al, 2009). The only control measures currently available in East Africa are case detection and treatment with antimonial drugs, which are expensive, toxic, not always available and cannot be self-administered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vervet monkeys immunized with Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen delivered with adjuvants

Mutiso

Macharia

Taracha

et al. 2012

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYIn this study, we report on the safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), responses of the Leishmania donovani whole cell sonicate antigen delivered in conjunction with alum-BCG (AlBCG), Montanide ISA 720 (MISA) or Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in groups of vervet monkeys. Following three intradermal injections of the inoculums on days 0, 28 and 42, safety and DTH responses were assessed. Preliminary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels were also measured and these were compared with DTH. Only those animals immunized with alum-BCG reacted adversely to the inoculum by producing ulcerative erythematous skin indurations. Non-parametric analysis of variance followed by a post-test showed significantly higher DTH responses in the MISA+Ag group compared with other immunized groups (p < 0.001). The MPLA+Ag group indicated significantly lower DTH responses to the sonicate antigen compared with the AlBCG+Ag group. There was a significant correlation between the DTH and cytokine responses (p < 0.0001). Based on this study we conclude that Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen containing MISA 720 is safe and is associated with a strong DTH reaction following immunization.

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A review of Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa

Cited by 30 publications

References 67 publications

From Mud and Stick-walled Houses to Corrugated Iron sheet Houses: A New Strategy for Preventing Human-Vector Contact in Marigat Sub-county a Leishmaniasis-endemic Area in Kenya

From Mud and Stick-walled Houses to Corrugated Iron sheet Houses: A New Strategy for Preventing Human-Vector Contact in Marigat Sub-county a Leishmaniasis-endemic Area in Kenya

Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites

Safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vervet monkeys immunized with Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen delivered with adjuvants

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