A Review of Hydrate Formation in Oil and Gas Transition Pipes

Abstract

This review provides a description of the various applications and issues of gas hydrate production in gas and oil pipelines, in general, gas hydrate is a clathrate of physical compounds, in which gas molecules are trapped in crystalline cells, formed by hydrogen bonds of water molecules. In the presence of water under various conditions, gas hydrates can be formed from all gases at high and lower pressures. The oil and gas industry have been taking stringent measures for many years to prevent the formation of hydrates which is plug pipelines by use. However, Natural gas hydrate is a non-conventional energy resource available to humans in colder regions, such as ice or sea bottoms. Other positive applications for natural hydrate include sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), storage, separation and transport of natural gas, the use of hydrate dissociation energy can be used in cooling and cool storage processes. The aims of this paper are to prevent gas hydrate’s formation that occur naturally in the oil natural gas transition pipelines, as well as the positive and negative that is remains from this natural phenomenon.

Environmental impact of using geothermal clean energy (heating and cooling systems) in economic sustainable modern buildings architecture design in Iraq: A review

“…Several authors investigate the Environmental impact of Sustainable buildings architecture design recently. (Bassas, et al, 2020;Rushdi et al, 2020;Lahieb et al, 2020;Nagam et al, 2020;Nahi et al, 2020;Muhsun et al, 2020). These phenomena started in the 20th century by including the environmental concerns aiming to have an impact across every day, and it is known today as "Green architecture" (Maziar, 2012, Steele et al, 2005, Tabb et al, 2013Ragheb, et al, 2016; Szokolay, 1998) Bassas et al,2020 argues that, while it is essential to make a difference in architectural design, sustainable strategies are still evolving from the marketplace that will allow green housing to become the standard for a future low-carbon building design.…”

Environmental Significance of Fouling on the Crude Oil Flow. A Comprehensive Review

“…The asphaltenic components of crude oil are the biggest components that settle in refinery preheat trains, although little is understood regarding their structure and behavior [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Authors recently focused on fouling studies and they demonstrate that environmental initiatives focused on minimizing chemical fouling inhibitors [1]. The demand for petroleum products has caused a significant growth in the world's capacity to refine crude oil [2][3]. The industry should maintain strict environmental regulations to reduce carbon emissions caused by rising oil consumption, which represents a new concern [4].…”

Numerical study of microwave impact on gas hydrate plugs in a pipeline

“…It is known [4] that at great depths the thermodynamic conditions are rather complicated. One of the common complications during gas transportation through underwater pipelines is the reverse phase transition of gas into a hydrate form, resulting in a plug and channel blockage [5]. In winter similar problems arise in main pipelines located in regions with a cold climate [6], as well as in deep-water gas wells [7], which creates risks for operational safety.…”

“…where the moment of time t  is determined from the equation (R 2 , t  )  1. Thus, the process of decomposition of a gas hydrate plug under electromagnetic radiation in a one-dimensional formulation is described by the system (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The solution of the task is a sequential numerical solution of problems (4-6), then (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and (12)(13), then (14)(15)(16)(17).…”