A Review of Graphite Beneficiation Techniques

Chelgani, S. Chehreh; Rudolph, Martin; Kratzsch, Robert; Sandmann, Dirk; Gutzmer, Jens

doi:10.1080/08827508.2015.1115992

Cited by 143 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Graphite has both metallic and nonmetallic properties being thus useful as electrode material. According to Chehreh Chelgani et al [ 1 ] 4% of the world graphite is used to produce pencils consisting of fine graphite powder in an inorganic (resin) or organic matrix (clay or a high polymer, e.g., cellulose). The pencil graphite leads are composite materials containing graphite (~65%), clay (~30%), and a binder (wax, resins, or high polymer) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

David

Popa

Buleandră

2017

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

191

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

David

Popa

Buleandră

2017

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

191

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The presence of other constituents in the 6BP besides graphite, (~43% according to TG analysis, Figure 3) considerably reduces the conductivity of the electrode 22,23 . The low conductivity led to lower carbon sublimation rates for samples produced at 50A DC and all samples produced in AC, resulting in the formation of paracrystalline structures 13 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecofriendly synthesis of MWCNTs by electric arc in aqueous medium: Comparative study of 6B pencil and mineral graphite

Kaufmann

Zampiva

Arcaro

et al. 2020

Int J Applied Ceramic Tech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by electric arc discharge (EA) usually applies pure mineral graphite (PMG) as the precursor electrode due to its high‐purity and conductivity. This work investigated the versatility of EA in aqueous medium for the production of CNTs by varying the electrodes purity degree. In this way, a variety of domestic and industrial graphite waste can be recycled into high‐quality CNTs by adjusting the EA parameters. CNTs were synthesized using 6B pencil (6BP, ~57% graphite) and their quality and quantity were compared to the PMG (99.995%) production. PMG led to short CNTs (ID/IG 0.266), while the synthesis with 6BP led to long CNTs (ID/IG 0.428). The 6BP CNTs showed elevated quality for application in the electronic, biomedical, and optical fields.

show abstract

“…Graphite is an irreplaceable raw material and a widely used non-metallic material in many industries such as foundry facings, refractories, lubricants, pencils, batteries, brake linings, bearings, conductive coatings, and crucibles due to its unique physical and chemical properties [1,2]. In general, natural graphite is classified as three varieties: crystalline flake, vein, and amorphous, according to the difference of crystalline morphology [3][4][5][6]. Due to the strong floatability of graphite, flotation is the most commonly used method of graphite beneficiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the strong floatability of graphite, flotation is the most commonly used method of graphite beneficiation. Among them, crystalline flake graphite has the best floatability, followed by vein graphite; amorphous graphite has the poorest floatability [3,[6][7][8][9][10]. Therefore, flake graphite can be easily purified by flotation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most flake graphite is formed in a high-grade (high-temperature and -pressure), metamorphic geologic environment by the heat and pressure metamorphism of dispersed organic material [11,12]. The flake graphite of +150 µm in diameter is defined as large flake graphite, correspondingly, that of −0.150 µm in diameter is considered as fine flake graphite [5,6]. The large flake graphite has more significant industrial value than the small one because of some exclusive properties, such as excellent lubricity and thermal conductivity [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Preserving Flake Size in an African Flake Graphite Ore Beneficiation Using a Modified Grinding and Pre-Screening Process

Qiu

Zhang

2017

Minerals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As the high value and the scarcity of large-flake graphite ore resources, it is in the best interest to maximize the amount of large flakes and minimize any processing that will reduce flake sizes. In the study, the mineralogy of an African graphite ore was estimated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and optical microscope analyses. The results indicated that it was a heavily weathered large flake graphite ore and the main gangue minerals were quartz and kaolinite. The graphite flakes were thick, bent, and fractured, and some clay minerals were embedded into the graphite interlayer, which made it difficult to prevent the large flakes from being destroyed using mechanical grinding methods. An approach of steel rod coarse grinding and pebble regrinding effectively reduced the destruction of graphite flakes and improved the grinding efficiency. In addition, comparing with the conventional process, a pre-screening process was applied and the content of large flakes in the final concentrate was significantly improved.

show abstract

A Review of Graphite Beneficiation Techniques

Cited by 143 publications

References 56 publications

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

Ecofriendly synthesis of MWCNTs by electric arc in aqueous medium: Comparative study of 6B pencil and mineral graphite

Preserving Flake Size in an African Flake Graphite Ore Beneficiation Using a Modified Grinding and Pre-Screening Process

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About