A review of Foot and Mouth disease in Nepal

Ferris, N.P.; Donaldson, A.I.; Shrestha, Rupesh; Kitching, R.

doi:10.20506/rst.11.3.625

Cited by 18 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Increased numbers of holdings affected during December and January may be due to increased movement of animals during the Dashain and Tihar festivals (Ferris et al . ). Previous studies in India have also shown FMD outbreaks throughout the year, with a higher prevalence of outbreaks in the winter months (Bhat & Taneja ; Hegde et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Adhikari¹,

Acharya

Upadhyay³

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The goal of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of FMD outbreaks reported to the Veterinary Epidemiology Center, Tripureshwor, Nepal during 2010–2015, in order to strengthen the National FMD Control Program. These current data were considered in the context of historical data on FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes detected in the country between 1965 and 2015. During 2010–2015, a total of 1333 livestock holdings reported FMD outbreaks in Nepal. On average, 71.2 animals were affected in each outbreak, with a case fatality rate of 3.6%. FMD was reported throughout the country, and the proportion of affected holdings was not significantly among eco‐zones, regions, or species. The Hill eco‐zone had the highest number of holdings affected (782), followed by Mountain (304), and Terai (247). When analysed by the developmental region, the Western (381) and Central (368) Developmental Regions had the highest numbers of holdings affected. Cattle were the most frequently affected species (39%), followed by buffalo (33%), and goats (19%). FMD occurred throughout the year, with peaks in winter (December/January) and in the pre‐monsoon period (April/May). Between 1965 and 2015 FMDV serotype O had the highest prevalence (81%), followed by Asia‐1 (11%), A (6%), and C (2%). Serotype C was not detected after 1996, and only serotype O was reported after 2011. These descriptive analyses provide critical landmarks to establish baselines, and document early progress of the ongoing Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP‐FMD) which could be useful in Nepal and other South Asian nations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Adhikari¹,

Acharya

Upadhyay³

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…It is widely recognized that livestock movement is probably the single most important method of transmission of FMD virus in those countries where FMD is endemic (Rosenberg et al., 1980; Rweyemamu, 1984; Fonnan, 1991; Ferris et al., 1992; Windsor et al., 2011). In an analysis of over 140 putative risk factors for FMD spread in Thailand, it was concluded that the greatest impact on reducing the spread of FMD among villages would be through strategies that reduce the likelihood of introductions through livestock purchases, and for villagers taking greater care when livestock is grazed with those from neighbouring villages, particularly when sharing common water supplies (Cleland et al., 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Smallholder Cattle Farmers in Southern Cambodia

Young

Suon

Andrews

et al. 2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

108

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The financial impact of an outbreak of FMD in 2010 on 62 smallholder cattle farmers in four villages in southern Cambodia was investigated by a financial impact survey questionnaire. Financial losses associated with FMD infection were severe with variation depending on whether the animal survived or died or was used for draft. The average post-FMD loss varied from USD 216.32, a 54% reduction from the pre-FMD value because of weight loss and treatment costs, to USD 370.54, a 92% reduction from pre-FMD values if the animal was treated, died and a rental draft replacement was required. Partial budget analysis identified a strongly positive incentive for cattle to be vaccinated biannually for FMD, providing USD 31.48 per animal for each animal owned. However low vaccination rates suggest that farmers are mostly unaware of the need or averse to the practice of vaccinating their cattle for FMD. This may be due to poor understanding of preventative disease strategies such as vaccination, unavailable disposable income for purchase of vaccines, and failure to recognize the full costs that are incurred when the disease occurs. Enhancing smallholder cattle productivity through the introduction of forage growing systems has been suggested as a pathway for alleviating rural poverty in the Mekong region. As our financial analysis identified a net benefit of vaccination for smallholder farmer enterprises in an endemic FMD area in Cambodia, it is considered important that farmer education strategies aimed at improving cattle productivity, also include both access to vaccine and training in preventative disease risk management and biosecurity practices in Cambodia.

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“…Retrospective studies, based on analysis of data collected through passive surveillance system, have contributed greatly in understanding the epidemiology of FMD in other endemic countries such as Laos (Khounsy et al 2008), India (Bhattacharya et al 2005;Sarma and Sutopa 2003;Verma et al 2008), Nepal (Ferris et al 1992), Mali (Sangare et al 2004), andParaguay (Peralta et al 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Bhutan

Dukpa

Robertson

Edwards

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

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A retrospective study on the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Bhutan, between the years 1996 and 2008, based on the data collected through passive surveillance, was undertaken. A total of 230 outbreaks of FMD at sub-district level were recorded in 299 villages located in 19 out of the 20 districts in the country. There were no significant differences between the years (P = 0.998) or months (P = 0.989) on the incidence of FMD. The sub-districts in the north (altitude >1,000 m above mean sea level) had significantly (P = 0.008) higher incidences of outbreaks in winter than in summer. The sub-districts that shared border with India had significantly more outbreaks than those that didn't (P = 0.001). Cattle were the most predominant species affected being involved in all of the outbreaks reported. Serotype O, which constituted 70.6% of the outbreaks typed was the most predominant serotype prevalent in Bhutan followed by A (16.7%), Asia 1 (8.8%), and C (3.9%). Cattle density was significantly positively correlated (P = 0.023) with the incidence of disease. Three waves of outbreaks of epidemic proportions were reported in 1997/1998, 2002/2003, and 2007/2008 due to the PanAsia strain of the O serotype. The study highlights the incursion of the PanAsia strain of the O serotype into the country, possibly, through the transboundary movement of animals and the need for active surveillance of FMD, especially at the border areas. The study also highlights the significance of the O serotype and cattle as the main indicator species in the epidemiology of FMD in Bhutan. The findings from this study can be used as baseline epidemiological data for further research to understand the epidemiology of FMD in Bhutan.

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A review of Foot and Mouth disease in Nepal

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Assessment of Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Smallholder Cattle Farmers in Southern Cambodia

A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Bhutan

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