A Review of Flash Point Prediction Models for Flammable Liquid Mixtures

Abstract

Flash point has safety implications and is therefore used to ascertain associated explosion hazards and fire of a flammable solution. Technological advances in the synthesis of new blends and chemical waste handlers have created a high demand for the flash point database and the flash point estimation methods of flammable liquid mixtures have become important. The present study reviewed the estimation model of the flammable liquid mixture flash point. These models are based on the following parameters: (1) either a normal boiling point or a composition range, (2) molecular structure (molecular descriptors), and (3) vapor pressure. Models based on boiling points or the composition ranges are empirically obtained using a mathematical regression method or an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) method is used to analyze the relationship between the flash point and the molecular structures that exist in a flammable mixture. Vapor-pressure-based models, which were formulated using Le Chatelier’s rule are more reliable, compared to other prediction models. However, the prediction efficiencies of these vapor-pressure-based models for nonideal mixtures are strongly depend on the accuracy of the activity coefficient models used. Several activity coefficient models are discussed at the end of this paper. In summation, there is no universal flash point prediction model for all flammable mixtures.

On the relation between azeotropic behavior and minimum / maximum flash point occurrences in binary mixtures of flammable compounds

“…According to literature, Liaw's model, which was used in deriving above sufficient condition, is more reliable than other vapor-pressure-based models [35], and is the only one to predict the occurrence of minimum/maximum flash point behavior of mixtures correctly [28].…”

Calculation and Measurement of Flash Point for n-Decane + n-Octanol and Acetic Acid + n-Butanol Using a Tag-Open-Cup Apparatus

“…인화점은 불꽃을 가연성 액체에 가할 때 인화가 발생하 는 그 액체의 가장 낮은 온도이며 (1,2) , 화재와 폭발사고의 위험도를 결정하는 중요한 척도이다. 따라서 가연성 액체 를 안전하게 취급하기 위해서는 인화점을 정확하게 파악 하고 있어야 한다 (3) .…”

“…에서 얻었으며 다음의 " Table 4 (24) . 또한 기/액 상평형 데이터로부터 유도된 이성분계 파라 미터가 없는 경우에도 본 연구의 계산 방법은 인화점을 예 측할 수 있다는 점에서 다양한 이성분계 액체 혼합물의 인 화점 계산에 활용되길 기대한다.…”

The Measurement of Flash Point of Water-Methanol and Water-Ethanol Systems Using Seta Flash Closed Cup Tester

“…The flash point can be measured using either open cup tester or closed cup tester. Generally the flash point measured by open cup tester results in a higher value than that measured by closed cup tester, because open cup tester permits the emission of the low-boiling-point component in the mixture into the surrounding atmosphere prior to the application of the flame (2,3) . On the contrary, the mixture in closed cup tester is separated from the surrounding atmosphere, thereby inhibiting mass transfer between the mixture and the surrounding atmosphere.…”

“…On the contrary, the mixture in closed cup tester is separated from the surrounding atmosphere, thereby inhibiting mass transfer between the mixture and the surrounding atmosphere. Reliable and consistent flash point can be obtained using closed cup tester, particularly for multicomponent mixtures (3,4) . Therefore the flash point by closed cup tester are most widely used to characterize flammable substance hazards in practice.…”