A review of endosulfan, dichlorvos, diazinon, and diuron – pesticides used in Jamaica

Barrett, Kayon; Jaward, Foday M.

doi:10.1080/09603123.2012.667794

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…37 In another study that examined the use patterns and residual levels of OP pesticides on vegetables in Trinidad, Yen et al 38 found that 10% of the examined vegetable produce exceeded internationally acceptable maximum residue limits (MRLs) for OPs. In one recent review of pesticide use in Jamaica, it was found that while 87% of the annually imported pesticides into Jamaica are applied within agricultural or household settings, the fate of these locally applied pesticides is presently unknown.…”

Section: Chlorophenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of exposure to organophosphate, carbamate, phenoxy acid, and chlorophenol pesticides in pregnant women from 10 Caribbean countries

Forde

Robertson

Sidi

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Pesticides are commonly used in tropical regions such as the Caribbean for both household and agricultural purposes. Of particular concern is exposure during pregnancy, as these compounds can cross the placental barrier and interfere with fetal development. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposure of pregnant women residing in 10 Caribbean countries to the following commonly used classes of pesticides in the Caribbean: organophosphates (OPs), carbamates, phenoxy acids, and chlorophenols. Out of 438 urine samples collected, 15 samples were randomly selected from each Caribbean country giving a total of 150 samples. Samples were analyzed for the following metabolites: six OP dialkylphosphate metabolites [dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP)]; two carbamate metabolites [2-isopropoxyphenol (2-IPP) and carbofuranphenol]; one phenoxy acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); and five chlorophenols [2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP)]. OP metabolites were consistently detected in ≥60% of the samples from Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, and Jamaica. Of the carbamate metabolites, 2-IPP was detected in seven of the 10 Caribbean countries with a detection frequency around 30%, whereas carbofuranphenol was detected in only one sample. The detection frequency for the phenoxy acid 2,4-D ranged from 20% in Grenada to a maximum of 67% in Belize. Evidence of exposure to chlorophenol pesticides was also established with 2,4-DCP by geometric means ranging from 0.52 μg L(-1) in St Lucia to a maximum of 1.68 μg L(-1) in Bermuda. Several extreme concentrations of 2,5-DCP were detected in four Caribbean countries-Belize (1100 μg L(-1)), Bermuda (870 μg L(-1)), Jamaica (1300 μg L(-1)), and St Kitts and Nevis (1400 μg L(-1)). 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,6-TCP, and pentachlorophenol were rarely detected. This biomonitoring study underscores the need for Caribbean public health authorities to encourage their populations, and in particular pregnant women, to become more aware of the potential routes of exposure to pesticides and to utilize these chemicals more cautiously given the possible adverse effects such exposures can have on their unborn children and infants.

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Section: Chlorophenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of exposure to organophosphate, carbamate, phenoxy acid, and chlorophenol pesticides in pregnant women from 10 Caribbean countries

Forde

Robertson

Sidi

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…Although the GBR and its catchments are the most heavily monitored of all tropical ecosystems for pesticides, the issue is not restricted to Australia. Similar herbicides are considered a potential threat to nearshore habitats of the western Indian Ocean [10], the northern Pacific [11], the Atlantic coast, including Chesapeake Bay [12] and the Caribbean [13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxicity of Four Photosystem II Herbicides to Tropical Seagrasses

et al. 2013

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Coastal waters of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are contaminated with agricultural pesticides, including the photosystem II (PSII) herbicides which are the most frequently detected at the highest concentrations. Designed to control weeds, these herbicides are equally potent towards non-target marine species, and the close proximity of seagrass meadows to flood plumes has raised concerns that seagrasses may be the species most threatened by herbicides from runoff. While previous work has identified effects of PSII herbicides on the photophysiology, growth and mortality in seagrass, there is little comparative quantitative toxicity data for seagrass. Here we applied standard ecotoxicology protocols to quantify the concentrations of four priority PSII herbicides that inhibit photochemistry by 10, 20 and 50% (IC10, IC20 and IC50) over 72 h in two common seagrass species from the GBR lagoon. The photosystems of seagrasses Zostera muelleri and Halodule uninervis were shown to be generally more sensitive to the PSII herbicides Diuron, Atrazine, Hexazinone and Tebuthiuron than corals and tropical microalgae. The herbicides caused rapid inhibition of effective quantum yield (∆F/F m ′), indicating reduced photosynthesis and maximum effective yields (Fv/Fm) corresponding to chronic damage to PSII. The PSII herbicide concentrations which affected photosynthesis have been exceeded in the GBR lagoon and all of the herbicides inhibited photosynthesis at concentrations lower than current marine park guidelines. There is a strong likelihood that the impacts of light limitation from flood plumes and reduced photosynthesis from PSII herbicides exported in the same waters would combine to affect seagrass productivity. Given that PSII herbicides have been demonstrated to affect seagrass at environmental concentrations, we suggest that revision of environmental guidelines and further efforts to reduce PSII herbicide concentrations in floodwaters may both help protect seagrass meadows of the GBR from further decline.

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“…Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide that, at one time, was extensively used in the USA, but has been the subject of increased regulatory efforts by the USEPA, reducing its application in the USA (USEPA, 2011;Wang, Singhasemanon, & Goh, 2017). Its use is still globally prevalent, where in various regions of the world, diazinon is used to control insects in food crops (Alighardashi, Jalali, Bokaei, & Asefi, 2017;Barrett & Jaward, 2012;Cong, Phuong, & Bayley, 2009). Diazinon nonreversibly phosphorylates, thereby inhibiting, cholinesterases, primarily AChE, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid allowing the neuron to return to its resting state (Colovic, Krstic, Lazarevic-Pasti, Bondzic, & Vasic, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of combinations of limited ration and diazinon exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity, growth and reproduction in Oryzias latipes, the Japanese medaka

Flynn

Johnson

Lothenbach

et al. 2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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Environmental contamination can negatively impact fish populations. In addition to acute toxicity leading to death, toxicants can reduce fish growth and lower reproduction. The potential for adverse population level effects of environmental contaminants are estimated to conduct risk assessments from laboratory toxicity tests that most often measure apical endpoints related to growth, survival and reproduction. The relationships between these effect endpoints are being evaluated to predict shifts in fish population demography better after exposure to environmental toxicants. Environmental contaminants can also affect fish populations indirectly by reducing prey biomass. However, estimating the magnitude of the combined effects of prey reduction and direct toxicity is difficult and rarely attempted. Here we describe a toxicity test designed to estimate the effect on Japanese medaka of both reduced food and chronic exposure to diazinon, an acetylcholinesterase inhibiting organophosphate pesticide. Fish were reared with limited food ration and/or diazinon exposure through a full life cycle to assess possible interactions between the two stressors in their effects on growth and reproduction. Diazinon exposure (10 or 20 μg/L), reduced ration (50% and 25% of ad libitum), or combinations of both lowered growth rates and reproductive output of Japanese medaka. In addition, growth and reproduction alone were modeled, and then various relationships between the two stressors (diazinon and ration) and how they relate to growth and reproduction were modeled.

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A review of endosulfan, dichlorvos, diazinon, and diuron – pesticides used in Jamaica

Cited by 29 publications

References 91 publications

Evaluation of exposure to organophosphate, carbamate, phenoxy acid, and chlorophenol pesticides in pregnant women from 10 Caribbean countries

Evaluation of exposure to organophosphate, carbamate, phenoxy acid, and chlorophenol pesticides in pregnant women from 10 Caribbean countries

Phytotoxicity of Four Photosystem II Herbicides to Tropical Seagrasses

The effects of combinations of limited ration and diazinon exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity, growth and reproduction in Oryzias latipes, the Japanese medaka

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