A Review of Empirical Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Based on National Antimicrobial Sensitivity Data

Mengistu, Assegid; Forster, Norbert; Gaeseb, Johannes; Habimana, Gilbert; Kauhondamwa, Saren; Uaaka, Gottfried; Ndjavera, Christophine; Ugbaro, Emanuel; Indongo, Lazarus; Sagwa, Evans

doi:10.18650/2378-5411.13002

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In our study, E. coli bacteria was accounted very frequently (53.04% in urine, 36.28% in blood, and 54.55% in stool samples) which relates to other studies like 31.4% in Cameroonian towns (11), 34.1% in Namibia (12) and 86% in Nepal (10) were detected in the specimen of urine. Likewise, E. coli is the most common etiology of diarrhea among children in Bangladesh as well as in other developing countries resembling India (44.2%) and Sudan (53.8%) (17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Around 50-60% of women develop at least one UTI episode in their lifetime due to a combination of factors like the anatomical differences as the shortened urethra and more sensitive skin than male, reproductive life cycles, menopause, pregnancy, etc. (9)(10)(11)(12). Conversely, males were more prone to other infections that were visible with the positive cultures from blood, stool, and pus specimens that are correlated with previously published studies (3,13,14).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

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Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Mondal

Islam

Zerin

2022

Int J Health Sci Res

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Infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant infectious bacteria are a major threat to human survival and development. This is a retrospective study for a one-year period from January 2020 to December 2020 with a total of 1,112 urine, 318 blood, 167 stool, and 72 pus samples conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of Rajshahi Metropolitan Hospital Ltd. and Diagnostic Center, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Bacterial isolation, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility were performed following the standard microbiological methods. Out of 1112 urine, 318 blood, 167 stool, and 72 pus specimens, bacteria were detected in 345 urine, 86 blood, 44 stool, and 50 pus specimens, respectively. Specimens from females (57.10%) were found more positive than those from males (42.90%) only in the case of urine samples. Among all the specimens, the highest number of infections was recorded in the age group 31–40, except in stool, where the highest positive cases were evidenced in the 0–10 age group. The greatest number of specimens was received, mostly in the summer and rainy seasons. However, E. coli bacteria were the most common among all the specimens excluding pus, where Staphylococcus aureus was the highest in number. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria showed higher sensitivity towards Cefepime (against pathogens of blood and stool samples) along with Imipenem, and Meropenem (pathogens of both urine and pus samples). A terrifying scenario was the high degree of resistance of those isolated bacteria towards the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporin antibiotics. This study might be helpful for physicians to rationalize empiric treatment strategies and provide awareness among government authorities and the population. Key words: Bangladesh, Clinical specimens, Resistance, Retrospective, Sensitivity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Mondal

Islam

Zerin

2022

Int J Health Sci Res

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“…The high level of use of these antibacterials in these communities could be due to affordability, availability and ease of accessibility. High antibacterial use is a risk factor for emergence and spread of antibacterial resistance, and there are reports of high resistance to these commonly used antibacterials [35,36].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Use of antibacterials in the management of symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections among children under five years in Gulu, northern Uganda: Prevalence and determinants

et al. 2020

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Inappropriate use of antibacterials is a major public health challenge as it can promote emergence of resistance, wastage of financial resources, morbidity and mortality. In this study, we determined the prevalence and factors associated with antibacterial use in managing symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) in households in rural communities of Gulu district, northern Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among households selected using multi-stage sampling. Data were collected through interviews with care-givers of children under five years, using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Out of the 856 children who had symptoms of ARIs, 515 (60.2%; CI: 54.5%-65.6%) were treated with antibacterials. The most commonly used antibacterials were amoxicillin (55.2%, n = 358), cotrimoxazole (15.4%, n = 100) and metronidazole (11.4%, n = 74). The determinants of antibacterial use included; getting treatment from a health facility (AOR: 1.85, CI: 1.34-2.56, P < 0.001), households located in peri-urban area (AOR: 2.54, CI: 1.34-4.84, P = 0.005), and a child having cough (AOR: 7.02, CI: 4.36-11.31, P < 0.001). The prevalence of antibacterial use among children under five years with symptoms of ARIs is high in communities of Gulu district, northern Uganda. Getting treatment from a health facility, if a household was located in a peri-urban area and having a cough are positive predictors of antibacterial use. There is need for targeted education on appropriate antibacterial use in rural communities and hospital settings where over prescription is most likely especially in treating symptoms of ARIs among children under five years.

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“…The clinician needs a quick and accurate result, but the urine culture result with the identification of the uropathogen and its antibiotic sensitivity comes only after 48 hours, so he has to treat the patient in an empiric way, according to the statistics. As a consequence of the incorrect treatment, as well as of antibiotic abuse in children suspected of having urinary tract infection [22,23], the antimicrobial resistance became a major public health problem at global level with very significant consequences [24][25][26]. The fight against diseases also includes clinician's information on the most common aetiologies and the main risk factors involved in the disease, in the areas where they operate, for a more effective therapy [12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Changes in Sensitivity to Antibiotics of E. coli Strains

Haşegan¹,

Totan²,

Antonescu³

et al. 2019

Rev. Chim.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial pathologies in children, but they are difficult to spot. The diagnosis relies on urine culture in order to measure the prevalence of the infection, to identify the etiology and the sensitivity of the germs to different antibiotics. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains are the most common uro-pathogen germs. The change in sensitivity to antibiotic of these uro-pathogen bacteria should be closely monitored because the physicians should be informed about the evolution of the antibiotic resistance of E coli, for a more effective treatment in their fight against diseases. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of UTIs and the evolution of antimicrobial sensitivity for E. coli. This retrospective study was performed over a period of 4 years, 2013-2016, and included all the patients admitted in the Children�s Hospital, aged 0-18 years, with the suspicion of UTIs; also, the standard culture techniques for urine samples, the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for the antibiotic sensitivity testing, and the disk diffusion method to confirm the ESBL production by the clinical isolates of E. coli in urine were used. The statistical analysis was performed using the proportions of sensitive, resistant and intermediates. Descriptive statistics like the total, mean and percentage were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 15.0 and Microsoft Excel. From 15389 urine cultures processed in 4 years, 1530 were positive (9.9 %). Among these positive urine cultures, 1056 (69 %) were positive for E. coli. Testing the E. coli to a range of antibiotics, according to CLSI standard, a high resistance to Ampicillin (69-96%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (32-70%), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (36-42%) was observed and low levels of resistance to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefpodoxime, Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid. Among E. Coli strains, 9-9.6 % were ESBL positive. Despite the low number of positive urine cultures in a paediatric population, it is very important to perform the urine culture in order to correctly identify the etiology of UTIs, recommend the right antibiotic, and avoid the wrong use of the antibiotics in children.

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A Review of Empirical Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Based on National Antimicrobial Sensitivity Data

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Use of antibacterials in the management of symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections among children under five years in Gulu, northern Uganda: Prevalence and determinants

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Changes in Sensitivity to Antibiotics of E. coli Strains

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