A Review of Current Concepts of the Etiology and Treatment of Myopia

Cooper, Jeffrey; Tkatchenko, Andrei V.

doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000499

Cited by 195 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 222 publications

(181 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

163

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Myopia is characterized by an increase in eye size and is accompanied by structural changes in the sclera, the outer coat of the globe that determines ocular shape. The currently available treatments for myopia include multifocal soft contact lenses, radial refractive gradient lenses, bifocal spectacles, or orthokeratology [7]. In terms of pharmaceutical interventions, atropine has recently received most attention [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 7-Methylxanthine on Deprivation Myopia and Retinal Dopamine Release in Chickens

Liu

Schaeffel

Trier³

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Intake of 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), an adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist, has been shown to inhibit school myopia in children and deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Also retinal dopamine seems to be involved in the control of eye growth, and in the brain, ARs and dopamine receptors interact widely by heteromerization. We have studied whether 7-MX can inhibit deprivation myopia also in chickens and whether inhibition may involve the retinal dopamine system. Methods: 7-MX was applied by either tubefeeding (100 µg/g body weight, twice a day) or intravitreal injection (12.5 µg, every other day). Forty-eight 2-week-old chicks wore unilateral diffusers and were randomly assigned to either the tube-feeding group (involving 7-MX, vehicle [xanthan gum], or no feeding, for 13 days) or the intravitreal injection group (involving 7-MX, vehicle, or DMSO, for 8 days). Refractions (REs), ocular biometry (AL, VCD), and scleral and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured before and after treatment. Dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content were determined in retina and vitreous by HPLC at the end of the experiments. Results: No matter how 7-MX was applied, it did not inhibit deprivation myopia in chicks. No significant differences were observed in RE, VCD, AL, and scleral fibrous layer thickness. Feeding 7-MX produced more choroidal thinning in the open contralateral eye compared to control eyes in the vehicle-fed group (-40 ± 14 vs. -1 ± 7 µm, unpaired t test, p < 0.05). DOPAC and dopamine concentration in vitreous and DOPAC concentration in retina did not change with 7-MX. Vitreal dopamine content was significantly decreased in deprived eyes in the groups fed with the vehicle xanthan gum (paired t test, p < 0.01) but not in 7-MX-treated eyes, perhaps indicating a small effect of 7-MX on dopamine. Conclusions: In our study, 7-MX had no effect on DM in chicks and only minor effects on ChT and retinal dopamine. It remains unclear whether 7-MX inhibits myopia through a retinal mechanism or whether it acts directly on choroid and sclera. In the latter case, the finding that myopia is suppressed in mammals but not birds might be explained by differences in scleral structure.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 7-Methylxanthine on Deprivation Myopia and Retinal Dopamine Release in Chickens

Liu

Schaeffel

Trier³

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Myopia is a worldwide visual impairment 1 . Myopia has increased from 25% to 44% between 1972 and 2004 in the United States 1 .…”

Section: Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The radiated hole and the macular hole 1. The most common macular change in highly myopic eyes is macular holes [23][24][25][26][27][28] .…”

Section: Eye Elongationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Light Leak in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Hole: A Photon-Electron Theory for Living Tissue for Explaining Myopia

Lee¹

2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The exact etiology of myopia remains elusive. The author proposes the particle property of photon in living tissue and the photon-electron theory in living tissue, if the frequency of the photon exceeds the threshold, the photon has enough energy to strike the electron away and forms a hole of a diameter in photon diameter scale in living tissue include the eye. Longer time of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation will cause more holes and a larger radius of holes. The visual light which passes through the radiated hole in the eye cannot be refracted on the macula, this is myopia symptom of blurred vision, shortening the distance of the eye and the object will include more visual light into cornea and lens, this is myopia another symptom of nearsightedness. The particle property of photon causes elongation of the eye and the macular holes.Blue light and X-ray are two kinds of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation which can shot holes in eye and cause myopia.

show abstract

“…Myopia is the most common visual disease worldwide. The prevalence of myopia in children in developed countries of East and Southeast Asia is estimated to be 80-90% [1]. Although our knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the development and progression of myopia remains limited, studies in guinea pig models of myopia have shown that recovery from myopia can occur after the deprived eye is re-exposed to a normal environment [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of JNK 1 in controlling AQP-1 and choroidal thickness during recovery from form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs

Chen

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The development and recovery(REC) of myopia is associated with changing of choroidal thickness(CT) in model of guinea pigs. In this process, Aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) is related to changes in choroidal thickness during the recovery from myopia, but the corresponding signaling pathway has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of JNK1 on CT/AQP-1 and the recovery from myopia.Methods: According to the different intravitreal injections in eyes that underwent form deprivation for 21 days, guinea pigs were divided into four groups: the REC group, the REC+anisomycin (agonist for JNK1, REC-AN) group, the REC+SP600125 (inhibitor for JNK1, REC-SP) group, and the REC+DMSO (REC-DM) group. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the time of removal of the deprivation: 3 days (d), 7 d and 10 d. All animals underwent biometric measurements (refractive error, axial length (AL), and CT), and the protein expression of AQP-1 and p-JNK1 in the choroid was also measured.Results: In the REC and REC-DM groups, significant differences in CT/ refractive error /AL/p-JNK1 or AQP-1 were only found in the 3d group compared with the normal control (NC) group (all p<0.05). In the REC-AN group, CT/p-JNK1 or AQP-1 in the 3d group was significantly higher than that in the other 3d’ groups (all p<0.05), but no significant difference in refractive error or AL was found compared with that in the NC group (all p>0.05). In the REC-SP group, a significant difference in refractive error /CT/p-JNK1 or AQP1 was found in the 3d/7d group compared with the NC group (all p<0.05), but AL was only found in the 3d groups (both p=0.001).Conclusions: Changes in JNK1 phosphorylation can regulate AQP-1 and CT during the recovery from myopia and the recovery time. Thus, JNK1 may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing/treating myopia.

show abstract

A Review of Current Concepts of the Etiology and Treatment of Myopia

Cited by 195 publications

References 222 publications

Effects of 7-Methylxanthine on Deprivation Myopia and Retinal Dopamine Release in Chickens

Effects of 7-Methylxanthine on Deprivation Myopia and Retinal Dopamine Release in Chickens

Visual Light Leak in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Hole: A Photon-Electron Theory for Living Tissue for Explaining Myopia

The role of JNK 1 in controlling AQP-1 and choroidal thickness during recovery from form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About