A review of current automotive battery technology and future prospects

Abstract

In this article, today’s battery technologies and future options are discussed. Batteries have been one of the main focuses of automotive development in the last years. Technologies that have been in use for a very long time, such as the lead–acid battery, are indispensable but need improvement. New technologies such as the lithium-ion battery are entering the market. Supercapacitors (also known as electrochemical double-layer capacitors) can be used for high-power requirements such as regenerative braking. The variety of vehicles has increased with the introduction of hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles and, for each type, suitable battery types are being used or under development. Appropriate battery system designs and charging strategies are needed. Battery technologies can be classified according to their energy density, their charge and discharge characteristics, system integration and the costs. Further relevant performance parameters are the calendar lifetime, the cycle lifetime, the low- and high-temperature performances and the safety.

Towards the new energy storage system for conventional cars

“…In spite the fact this solution is possible, less than 1% of conventional cars has alternate solution [16]. In this way an observation from [2] has been confirmed.…”

“…al. have concluded that Lead-acid batteries are indispensable energy storage for conventional cars; however this type of batteries have to be improved [2]. First option is to use more advanced materials for electrodes in frame of Leadacid technology [3], [4], [5], [6].…”

Lithium-Ion Battery Management System: A Lifecycle Evaluation Model for the Use in the Development of Electric Vehicles

“…Batteries are the governing part of the vehicle where their selection, size, outline, transfer, and reusing affect the quality, lifetime, and security of the vehicle. [1] Table 1 summarizes the performances of different types of Electric vehicles. Because of expanding greenhouse emanations and developing risk to resource security at present powering the transportation sector, there is an extreme weight on automakers to devise a new technology that can fulfill the changing needs of the economy.…”

“…[1] Other options, for example, nickel-metal hydride and sodium nickel chloride batteries, confront similar issues as lead acid and nickel cadmium batteries which have lower energy density, power, and execution. Besides, the alternative nickel batteries may likewise have a more critical effect on nature, giving a disincentive for future improvement.…”

“…Then again, Lithium particle batteries give a superior option as far as energy density, costs, and ecological effect are concerned and are probably going to be a cutting edge of new innovation. [1] Therefore lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries are being eliminated and Li-particle batteries are catching an expanding market of the overall industry for electric vehicles.…”