A review of bioceramics scaffolds for bone defects in different types of animal models: HA and β -TCP

Abstract

Increased life expectancy has led to an increase in the use of bone substitutes in numerous nations, with over two million bone-grafting surgeries performed worldwide each year. A bone defect can be caused by trauma, infections, and tissue resections which can self-heal due to the osteoconductive nature of the native extracellular matrix components. However, natural self-healing is time-consuming, and new bone regeneration is slow, especially for large bone defects. It also remains a clinical challenge for surgeons to have a suitable bone substitute. To date, there are numerous potential treatments for bone grafting, including gold-standard autografts, allograft implantation, xenografts, or bone graft substitutes. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are the most extensively used and studied bone substitutes due to their similar chemical composition to bone. The scaffolds should be tested in vivo and in vitro using suitable animal models to ensure that the biomaterials work effectively as implants. Hence, this article aims to familiarize readers with the most frequently used animal models for biomaterials testing and highlight the available literature for in vivo studies using small and large animal models. This review summarizes the bio ceramic materials, particularly HA and β-TCP scaffolds, for bone defects in small and large animal models. Besides, the design considerations for the pre-clinical animal model selection for bone defect implants are emphasized and presented.

Reconstructing Critical-Sized Mandibular Defects in a Rabbit Model: Enhancing Angiogenesis and Facilitating Bone Regeneration via a Cell-Loaded 3D-Printed Hydrogel–Ceramic Scaffold Application

“…Autologous bone grafting, recognized as the gold standard, is employed due to its immunocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity characteristics, and angiogenic potential. 2 However, drawbacks, including defect volume, secondary injuries, donor site morbidity, related pain, and insufficiency of autogenous bone, limit the efficacy of autologous bone grafting. In recent years, efforts have been directed toward enhancing bone tissue regeneration by utilizing 3D bioactive scaffolds, biomaterials, and stem cells to overcome these challenges.…”

Comprehensive Review on Fabricating Bioactive Ceramic Bone Scaffold Using Vat Photopolymerization

“…Bone tissue is the second most transplanted tissue, and as bone defects have a negative impact on patients’ health and quality of life, there is a great demand for bone substitute transplants. , In clinical treatment, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts have disadvantages and risks such as limited donors, many complications, and the possibility of disease transmission. − Grafting a bone scaffold with restorative and tissue-enhancing properties to replace injured tissue can circumvent various problems associated with autologous or allogeneic bone grafts. − Metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites are commonly used for artificial bone scaffolds. − Bioactive ceramics, on the other hand, have chemical and structural properties that are comparable to those of natural bone and are considered ideal for repairing bone tissue defects, making bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds a promising bone graft. ,, …”

“…9−11 Bioactive ceramics, on the other hand, have chemical and structural properties that are comparable to those of natural bone and are considered ideal for repairing bone tissue defects, making bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds a promising bone graft. 6,12,13 Traditional methods for the preparation of ceramic bone scaffolds include freeze-drying, gas foaming, solvent casting, and electrostatic spinning. 14,15 These techniques have low reproducibility and poor control over the geometry and interconnectivity of the pores.…”

The effect of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite -parathyroid hormone mixture on bone defect healing: Experimental Study in Dogs

“…They are mostly osteoconductive and have no influence on osteogenesis or osteoinduction. (6)(7)(8)(9) Nanomaterials have recently become popular in the medical field. When employed for bone regeneration operations, they have considerable surface, quantum, and size effects, which contribute to superior performance than standard materials.…”

“…The FDA approved techniques have led to wide progress in exploration of bioactive material to improve the bone regeneration. (3,9,14) . Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a protein hormone that is secreted by parathyroid gland.…”